Over the last two decades there have been considerable advances in modelling the spectra of massive stars and supernovae (SNe). Despite this progress, there are still numerous uncertainties that affect the accuracy of models. For massive stars, convection, instabilities, clumping, and our inability to model stellar winds self-consistently likely introduce systematic errors into our analyses. For SNe, and particularly for core-collapse SNe, departures from spherical symmetry strongly affect observed spectra and need to be taken into account. There are also issues with clumping, and mixing processes (both in the progenitor and the SN explosion) that need to be resolved. For both massive stars and SNe, the accuracy and availability of atomic data continues to be an ongoing issue influencing analyses.

The winds of hot, massive stars are variable from processes happening on both large and small spatial scales. A particular case of such wind variability is ‘discrete-absorption components’ (DACs) that manifest themselves as outward moving density features in UV resonance line spectra. Such DACs are believed to be caused by large-scale spiral-shaped density structures in the stellar wind. We consider novel 3-D radiation-hydrodynamic models of rotating hot star winds and study the emergence of co-rotating spiral structures due to a local (pseudo-)magnetic spot on the stellar surface. Subsequently, the hydrodynamic models are used to retrieve DAC spectral signatures in synthetic UV spectra created from a 3-D short-characteristics radiative transfer code.

Supernovae provide environments with strong links to laboratory astrophysics. Diverse physical processes spanning from hot gas and semi-relativistic particles down to cold dusty clumps require extensive atomic data and understanding of processes across different physical regimes. The current status of modelling and analyzing supernova spectra is reviewed, with focus on recent results for diagnosing the production of oxygen and nickel.

We present the Catalogue of High REsolution Spectra of Obscured Sources (CHRESOS) from the XMM-Newton Science Archive. It comprises soft X-ray emission-lines from C to Si and the Fe 3C and Fe 3G L-shell transitions. Here, we concentrate on the oxygen emission-lines O VII(f) and O VIII Lyα to shed light onto the physical processes with which their formation can be related to: active galactic nucleus vs. star-forming regions. We are analysing the relationships between the oxygen lines and the luminosities of: [OIII]λ5007, [OIV]25.89μm, MIR-12μm, FIR-60μm, FIR-100μm, and hard X-rays continuum bands.

Eta Carinae is the most massive active binary within 10,000 light-years. While famous for the largest non-terminal stellar explosion ever recorded, observations reveal a supermassive (∼120 M⊙) binary consisting of an LBV and either a WR or extreme O star in a very eccentric orbit (e=0.9) with a 5.54-year period. Dramatic changes across multiple wavelengths are routinely observed as the stars move about in their highly elliptical orbits, especially around periastron when the hot (∼40 kK) companion star delves deep into the denser and much cooler (∼15 kK) extended wind photosphere of the LBV primary. Many of these changes are due to a dynamic wind-wind collision region (WWCR) that forms between the stars, plus expanding radiation-illuminated fossil WWCRs formed one, two, and three 5.54-year orbital cycles ago. These fossil WWCRs have been spatially and spectrally resolved by the Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS) at multiple epochs, resulting in data cubes that spatially map Eta Carinae’s innermost WWCRs and follow temporal changes in several forbidden emission lines (e.g. [Fe iii] 4659 Å, [Fe ii] 4815 Å) across the 5.54-year cycle. We present initial results of 3D time-dependent hydrodynamical and radiative-transfer simulations of the Eta Carinae binary and its WWCRs with the goal of producing synthetic data cubes of forbidden emission lines for comparison to the available HST/STIS observations. Comparison of the theoretical models to the observations reveals important details about the binary’s orbital motion, photoionization properties, and recent (5–15year) mass loss history. Such an analysis also provides a baseline for following future changes in Eta Carinae, essential for understanding the late-stage evolution of a nearby supernova progenitor. Our modeling methods can also be adapted to a number of other colliding wind binary systems (e.g. WR 140) that are scheduled to be studied with future observatories (e.g. the James Webb Space Telescope).

Numerous numerical studies suggest that magnetic fields influence the transport of dust and gas, the disk chemistry, the migration of planetesimals within the disk, and above all the accretion of matter onto the star. In short: Magnetic fields are crucial for the evolution of planet-forming disks. First indirect comparisons of theory and observations support this picture (Flock et al. 2017); however, profound observational constraints are still pending. Recent studies show that the intrinsically polarized continuum emission, the classical tracer of magnetic fields, might trace other physics as well (radiation field or dust grain size). The nearly face-on protoplanetary disk HD 142527 shows predominantly radial polarization vectors consistent with aspherical grains aligned by a toroidal magnetic field (Fig. 1; Bertrang et al. 2017a,b; Ohashi et al. 2018). However, the number of cutting-edge polarization observations presenting inconclusive data, for which these three different origins of polarization are not clearly distinguishable, increases continuously. We present a solution to this polarized ambiguity: observations and simulations of the most direct tracer of magnetic fields, polarized gas emission, in combination with multi-wavelength continuum polarization observations will disentangle the sources of continuum polarimetry with ALMA (Bertrang et al. 2017a,b; Bertrang & Cortés in prep.).

Kyiv program of monitoring of long-term variation of solar spectral lines at the horizontal solar telescope of the Main Astronomical Observatory of Ukraine is described. The aim of the program is to clarify the issue how the physical parameters of the quiet solar atmosphere change over the 11-year cycle of solar activity. The diagnostics of the atmospheric variation includes analysis of more than 40 spectral lines of neutral and ionized chemical elements observed at the solar disk and at the limb near north and south poles with high spectral resolution. The results of monitoring show that during 2012–2017 a line core depths and a line full widths at half maximum respond to the cycle modulation of the global unsigned magnetic field of the Sun. Such a correlation can be explained by assuming that temperature gradient of the solar photosphere is growing with solar activity.

We present our latest 3D model atmospheres for carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars computed with the CO5BOLD code. The stellar parameters are representative of hot turn-off objects (Teff ~ 6250 K, log g = 4.0, [Fe/H]=−3). The main purpose of these models is to investigate the role of 3D effects on synthetic spectra of the CH G-band (4140-4400 Å), the CN BX-band (3870-3890 Å), and several UV OH transitions (3122-3128 Å). By comparison with the synthetic spectra from standard 1D model atmospheres (assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium, LTE), we derive 3D abundance corrections for carbon and oxygen of up to −0.5 and −0.7 dex, respectively.

We present accurate methods of abundance determination based on the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) line formation for carbon, oxygen, calcium, titanium, and iron in the atmospheres of BAF-type stars. For C I-II, O I, Ca I-II, and Ti I-II, their comprehensive model atoms were described in our previous papers. A fairly complete model atom of Fe I-II is first applied in this study. We determine the NLTE abundances of the nine BAF-type stars with well-determined atmospheric parameters, using high-resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio spectral observations in the broad wavelength range, from the UV to the IR. For C, Ca, Ti, and Fe, NLTE leads to consistent abundances from the lines of the two ionisation stages. The C I, Ca II, and Fe II emission lines were detected in the near IR spectrum of the late B-type subgiant star HD 160762. They are well reproduced in the classical hydrostatic model atmosphere, when applying our NLTE methods.

We present Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (Non-LTE) abundance corrections for Mg, Ca, and Fe in 12 ultra metal-poor (UMP) stars ([Fe/H] < −4.00). We show that they increase in absolute value toward the lower metallicity up to 0.45 dex for Mg, 0.30 dex for Ca, and 1.00 dex for Fe. This represents a first step toward a full Non-LTE analysis of chemical species in the UMP stars that will enable us to put useful constraints on the properties of the “First” stars.

Based on high-resolution spectral observations for a sample of very metal-poor stars, we investigate how well stellar chemical abundances can be derived with available theoretical methods and computational tools.

Analysis of solar magnetic fields using observations as well as theoretical interpretations of the scattering polarisation is commonly designated as a high priority area of the solar research. The interpretation of the observed polarisation raises a serious theoretical challenge to the researchers involved in this field. In fact, realistic interpretations need detailed investigations of the depolarising collisions.

The goal of this paper is to determine new relationships which allow the calculation of any collisional rates of the d-levels of ions by simply determining the value of n* and Ep without the need of determining treating the collisional problem.

In this work, we applied our collisional code to a large number of cases involving complex and simple ions. After that, the results are injected in a genetic programming code in order to infer original relationships which will be of great help to solar applications. We discussed the accuracy of our collisional rates in the cases of complex atoms and atoms with hyperfine structure.

We compared the results obtained through the new relationships with the results obtained directly by running our code of collisions. The percentage of error is about 10% in the average value.

While progress has been made on understanding how energy is released and deposited along the solar atmosphere during explosive events such as solar flares, the chromospheric and coronal heating through the sudden release of magnetic energy remain an open problem in solar physics. Recent hydrodynamic models allow to investigate the energy deposition along a flare loop and to study the response of the chromosphere. These results have been improved with the consideration of transport and acceleration of particles along the loop. RHESSI and Fermi/GBM X-ray and gamma-ray observations help to constrain the spectral properties of the injected electrons. The excellent spatial, spectral and temporal resolution of IRIS will also help us to constrain properties of explosive events, such as the continuum emission during flares or their emission in the chromosphere.

In this contribution, I present the results of a differential analysis of CH spectral lines for the determination of carbon abundances with three- and one-dimensional model atmospheres of late-type stars at various metallicities. 3D-1D abundance corrections are found to be significant particularly at low metallicities and for turn-off stars. The dependence of 3D-1D carbon abundance corrections on the stellar C/O ratio is also discussed.

The solar abundances of Fe and of the CNO elements play an important role in addressing a number of important issues such as the formation, structure, and evolution of the Sun and the solar system, the origin of the chemical elements, and the evolution of stars and galaxies. Despite the large number of papers published on this issue, debates about the solar abundances of these elements continue. The aim of the present investigation is to quantify the impact of photospheric magnetic fields on the determination of the solar chemical abundances. To this end, we used two 3D snapshot models of the quiet solar photosphere with a different magnetization taken from recent magneto-convection simulations with small-scale dynamo action. Using such 3D models we have carried out spectral synthesis for a large set of Fei, Ci, Ni, and Oi lines, in order to derive abundance corrections caused by the magnetic, Zeeman broadening of the intensity profiles and the magnetically induced changes of the photospheric temperature structure. We find that if the magnetism of the quiet solar photosphere is mainly produced by a small-scale dynamo, then its impact on the determination of the abundances of iron, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen is negligible.

In our previous attempt to model the Stokes profiles of the Cr i triplet at 5204-5208 Å and the Ba ii D2 at 4554 Å, we found it necessary to slightly modify the standard FAL model atmospheres to fit the observed polarization profiles. In the case of Cr i triplet, this modification was done to reduce the theoretical continuum polarization, and in the case of Ba ii D2, it was needed to reproduce the central peak in Q/I. In this work, we revisit both these cases using different standard model atmospheres whose temperature structures closely resemble those of the modified FAL models, and explore the possibility of synthesizing the line profiles without the need for small modifications of the model atmosphere.

The Ca i 4227 Å is a chromospheric line exhibiting the largest degree of linear polarization near the limb, in the visible spectrum of the Sun. Modeling the observations of the center-to-limb variations (CLV) of different lines in the Second Solar Spectrum helps to sample the height dependence of the magnetic field, as the observations made at different lines of sight sample different heights in the solar atmosphere. Supriya et al. (2014) attempted to simultaneously model the CLV of the (I, Q/I) spectra of the Ca i 4227 Å line using the standard 1-D FAL model atmospheres. They found that the standard FAL model atmospheres and also any appropriate combination of them, fail to simultaneously fit the observed Stokes (I, Q/I) profiles at all the limb distances (μ) satisfying at the same time all the observational constraints. This failure of 1-D modeling approach can probably be overcome by using multi-dimensional modeling which is computationally expensive. To eliminate an even wider choice of 1-D models, we attempt here to simultaneously model the CLV of the (I, Q/I) spectra using the FCHHT solar model atmospheres which are updated and recent versions of the FAL models. The details of our modeling efforts and the results are presented.

One of the methods for diagnosing vector magnetic fields in solar prominences is the so called “inversion” of observed polarized spectral lines. This inversion usually assumes a fairly simple generative model and in this contribution we aim to study the possible systematic errors that are introduced by this assumption. On two-dimensional toy model of a prominence, we first demonstrate importance of multidimensional radiative transfer and horizontal inhomogeneities. These are able to induce a significant level of polarization in Stokes U, without the need for the magnetic field. We then compute emergent Stokes spectrum from a prominence which is pervaded by the vector magnetic field and use a simple, one-dimensional model to interpret these synthetic observations. We find that inferred values for the magnetic field vector generally differ from the original ones. Most importantly, the magnetic field might seem more inclined than it really is.

Recent spectropolarimetric observations suggest that young low-mass stars such as classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs) possess relatively strong (~kG) magnetic field. This supports a scenario in which the final accretion onto the stellar surface proceeds through a magnetosphere, and the winds are formed in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) processes. We examine recent numerical simulations of magnetospheric accretions via an inclined dipole and a complex magnetic fields. The difference between a stable accretion regime, in which accretion occurs in ordered funnel streams, and an unstable regime, in which gas penetrates through the magnetosphere in several unstable streams due to the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability, will be discussed. We describe how MHD simulation results can be used in separate radiative transfer (RT) models to predict observable quantiles such as line profiles and light curves. The plausibility of the accretion flows and outflows predicted by MHD simulations (via RT models) can be tested against observations. We also address the issue of outflows/winds that arise from the innermost part of CTTSs. First, we discuss the line formations in a simple disk wind and a stellar wind models. We then discuss the formation of the conically shaped magnetically driven outflow that arises from the disk-magnetosphere boundary when the magnetosphere is compressed into an X-type configuration.

One of the major tasks in interpretation of data from large-scale stellar surveys is to determine the fundamental atmospheric parameters such as effective temperature, surface gravity, and metallicity. In most on-going and upcoming projects, they are derived spectroscopically, relying on classical one-dimensional (1D) model atmospheres and the assumption of LTE. This review discusses the present achievements and problems of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) line-formation calculations for FGK-type stars. The topics that are addressed include (i) the construction of comprehensive model atoms for the chemical elements with complex term system, (ii) possible systematic errors inherent in classical LTE spectroscopic determinations of stellar parameters and chemical abundances, (iii) the uncertainties in final NLTE results caused by the uncertainties in atomic data, and (iv) applications of the NLTE line-formation calculations coupled to the spatial and temporal average 〈3D〉 models to spectroscopic analyses.