A mandate framework is proposed for delegating monetary policy to an instrument-independent, but goal-dependent central bank that emphasizes simplicity in both the objectives entering the welfare criterion and those in the instrument rule. It consists of: (i) a simple quadratic loss function penalizing deviations from target variables; (ii) a welfare-optimized, Taylor-type log-linear nominal interest-rate rule with targets that match those in the loss function; (iii) a zero-lower-bound (ZLB) constraint on the nominal interest rate imposing a low unconditional probability of ZLB episodes; and (iv) a long-run inflation target. In an estimated New Keynesian model with these features, we find that for a quarterly probability of 5%, an optimal annual inflation target is close to 2%, weights for real variables in the loss function are small compared with inflation except for the real wage growth mandate and the optimized rules mimic a price-level rule.

This article explores how the Great Depression in 1929 led to the expansion of illicit circuits globally, and examines the ways in which the introduction of anti-smuggling campaigns came to consolidate the border regimes in Turkey and French Syria. The global economic downturn in the late 1920s led states to embrace protectionist measures such as heightened tariffs and import quotas, all designed to protect local industries and maintain a favorable trade balance. The introduction of such measures, however, often resulted in the emergence of highly profitable illicit circuits, including in the borderland between Turkey and Syria. Here, a sturdy coalition of producers, shop owners, smugglers, trackers, and peddlers began to smuggle into Turkey a range of goods from silk textiles to cigarette papers, while funneling out narcotics into Syria. By seeking the global trajectories of such commodity flows, this article examines the impact of these borderland mobilities on the making of Turkey's southern border by exploring the local and bureaucratic responses to a rapidly changing world economic order in the aftermath of the Great Depression.

Let’s begin by addressing the most obvious question: given the vast number of books published on political science every year, why would the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences (APLS) and its journal Politics and the Life Sciences expend time, energy, and resources publishing a multiple-author analysis of a series of books that contain little (if anything) about the life sciences, Darwin, or evolution? The answer is that Cass R. Sunstein’s recent research on “nudge science” provides an excellent opportunity for APLS to expand its commitment to interdisciplinarity, especially its long-standing interest in behavioral economics. Sunstein, a prolific author, has written many books and scholarly articles defending “libertarian paternalism.” Libertarian critics have long argued that the conjunction of “libertarian” and “paternalism” is oxymoronic and that the “liberty principle” or the “principle of autonomy” excludes paternalistic intervention on behalf of rational, competent adults. Over the years, with varying degrees of success, Sunstein has addressed many, if not most, lines of criticism emanating from the political left and right. Like many scholars, his views have evolved over time based on that criticism. This introductory essay will focus on some of the more enduring elements of the conceptual framework and issues that underlie nudge science in the larger context of behavioral economics, including choice architecture, political bans and mandates, political nudges, ethics, and paternalistic intervention.

International law — Sources — General principles of law — Fundamental legal concepts — Whether including principle of nondiscrimination — Norms of human rights — Jus cogens.

International Law — Sources — Law — making treaties — Charter of United Nations — Constitution of I.L.O. — Genocide Convention Customary international law — Formation of — Resolutions of international organizations as factor in creation of customary rules .

Mandates — Jurisdictional clause — Whether conferring substantive rights on Members of League — Whether such rights conferred by “conduct” provisions of Mandate — Rights of Members of League Council under Minorities Treaties compared — Meaning of “Members of the League” — Literal interpretation of jurisdictional clause.

International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Judgment — Individual opinions — Nature and extent of Judge's right to give individual opinion — Article 57 of Statute — Judgment based on antecedent issues of merits — Whether individual opinions may deal with ultimate merits.

International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Judgment — Judgment on preliminary objections — Whether constituting res judicata — Whether “final” within Article 60 of Statute — Res judicata as binding the Court — Whether Judgments separable into operative parts and reasons — Distinction between preliminary objections and merits — Antecedent questions — Legal right or interest of applicants in subject-matter of claim — Distinction between such right or interest and locus standi.

Mandates — ”Special interests“ provisions and ”conduct“ provisions — Legal interest of individual Members of League in ”conduct“ provisions — Mandates as ”sacred trust“ — Whether this imports legal interest — Effect of dissolution of League — Whether rights of League devolved upon individual States — Effect of declarations by Mandatories at time of dissolution — Contentious litigation based on Mandate — Requirement of legal right or interest vis-à-vis Mandatory.

United Nations — General Assembly — Powers of — Supervision of Mandates System.

Mandates — Supervision of — Oral Hearings — Practice of League of Nations — Mandate for South-West Africa — Continuance of Supervision by United Nations — Advisory Opinion of July 11, 1950, on Status of South-West Africa — Interpretation of — Refusal of South Africa to Submit Annual Reports — Right of Petition under League of Nations — Residuary Powers of Council of League of Nations — Functions of General Assembly of United Nations — Effectiveness of System of Supervision

Mandates — Supervision by United Nations — Territory of South-West Africa — Voting Procedure of General Assembly — Voting Procedure under United Nations.

United Nations — Charter of — Interpretation of — Article 18, paragraph 2, on Voting Procedure.

United Nations — General Assembly — Procedure of — Voting Procedure — “Important Questions” within the Meaning of Article 18, paragraph 2, of the Charter — Decisions of General Assembly on Questions Relating to Reports and Petitions Concerning Territory of South-West Africa — “Degree of Supervision” of General Assembly in the Matter of Territory of South-West Africa — Whether a Matter of Procedure — Supervision Conforming “so far as possible” with Supervision Exercised by the League of Nations — Whether Implying Continuation of Unanimity Rule Obtaining under Covenant of the League — Whether Voting Procedure under Article 18, paragraph 2, Consistent with Correct Interpretation of Principle that Degree of Supervision of General Assembly Shall Approximate So Far as Possible to That of League of Nations — Interpretation of Previous Advisory Opinion of the Court.

Mandates — Nationality in Mandated Territory — Effect of Birth in Class “G” Mandate — Persons Born in Western Somoa — The Law of New Zealand.

Mandates — Nationality of Inhabitants of Mandated Territory — Palestinian Nationals — Whether “Nationals of the United Nations”.

Mandates — Nationality in Mandated Territories — Mandate for New Guinea.

Belligerent Occupation — Effect on Nationality — Australian Occupation of New Guinea.

Nationality — Effect of Belligerent Occupation — Effect of Class “C” Mandate — Person Born in German New Guinea.

Mandates — Rights and Duties of Mandatory — Duty of Courts to Examine Validity of Legislation in Light of Mandate — Mandate for Palestine — Whether Part of Law of Palestine — Validity of Defence Regulations

Mandates — Status of Mandated Territories — Mandate over South-West Africa — Statutes of the Union of South Africa — Enforceability thereof in South-West Africa — Necessity for Promulgation

Mandates — Validity of Municipal Legislation Contrary to Terms of Mandate — Doctrine of Ultra Vires — International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — State Succession — Binding Force of Laws and Judgments — Termination of Palestine Mandate — Binding Force of Laws of Mandatory — Force of Judicial Precedents — Law of Israel.

Mandates — Status of Mandated Territory — Palestine — Palestinian Citizen — Order for Deportation and Detention — Continued Detention in Foreign Territory — Habeas Corpus Proceedings.

War — Occupied Territory — Powers of Administration — Detention of Citizen of Non-enemy Country — Habeas Corpus Proceedings.

Jurisdiction — Territorial Limits of — Palestine Mandate — Deportation of Palestinian Citizen to, and Detention in Eritrea — Order for Detention in Foreign Territory — Administration of Territory Occupied by British Forces — Habeas Corpus Proceedings.