While the quasilinear isothermal Euler equations are an excellent model for gas pipeline flow, the operation of the pipeline flow with high pressure and small Mach numbers allows us to obtain approximate solutions by a simpler semilinear model. We provide a derivation of the semilinear model that shows that the semilinear model is valid for sufficiently low Mach numbers and sufficiently high pressures. We prove an existence result for continuous solutions of the semilinear model that takes into account lower and upper bounds for the pressure and an upper bound for the magnitude of the Mach number of the gas flow. These state constraints are important both in the operation of gas pipelines and to guarantee that the solution remains in the set where the model is physically valid. We show the constrained exact boundary controllability of the system with the same pressure and Mach number constraints.

The cell transmission model (CTM) is a macroscopic model that describes the dynamics of traffic flow over time and space. The effectiveness and accuracy of the CTM are discussed in this paper. First, the CTM formula is recognized as a finite-volume discretization of the kinematic traffic model with a trapezoidal flux function. To validate the constructed scheme, the simulation of shock waves and rarefaction waves as two important elements of traffic dynamics was performed. Adaptation of the CTM for intersecting and splitting cells is discussed. Its implementation on the road segment with traffic influx produces results that are consistent with the analytical solution of the kinematic model. Furthermore, a simulation on a simple road network shows the back and forth propagation of shock waves and rarefaction waves. Our numerical result agrees well with the existing result of Godunov’s finite-volume scheme. In addition, from this accurately proven scheme, we can extract information for the average travel time on a certain route, which is the most important information a traveller needs. It appears from simulations of different scenarios that, depending on the circumstances, a longer route may have a shorter travel time. Finally, there is a discussion on the possible application for traffic management in Indonesia during the Eid al-Fitr exodus.

The aim of this work is to develop a calculation model based on the method of characteristics making it possible to study the effect of the stagnation pressure of the combustion chamber on the 2D and axisymmetric minimum length nozzle design giving a uniform and parallel flow at the exit section. The model is based on the use of the real gas approach. The co-volume and the intermolecular interaction effect are taken into account by the use of the Berthelot state equation. The effect of molecular vibration is considered in our model to evaluate the behaviour of gas at a high temperature. In this case, the stagnation pressure and the stagnation temperature are important parameters in our model. The resolution of the algebraic equations is done by the finite difference corrector predictor algorithm. The validation of the results is controlled by the convergence of the critical section ratios calculated numerically as obtained by the theory. The mass and the thrust are evaluated to improve the efficiency of the nozzle. The comparison is made with the high temperature and perfect gas models. The application is made for air.

The study of chaotic vibration for multidimensional PDEs due to nonlinear boundary conditions is challenging. In this paper, we mainly investigate the chaotic oscillation of a two-dimensional non-strictly hyperbolic equation due to an energy-injecting boundary condition and a distributed self-regulating boundary condition. By using the method of characteristics, we give a rigorous proof of the onset of the chaotic vibration phenomenon of the zD non-strictly hyperbolic equation. We have also found a regime of the parameters when the chaotic vibration phenomenon occurs. Numerical simulations are also provided.

Because of stability constraints, most numerical schemes applied to hyperbolic systems of equations turn out to be costly when the flux term is multiplied by some very large scalar. This problem emerges with the M1 system of equations in the field of radiotherapy when considering heterogeneous media with very disparate densities. Additionally, the flux term of the M1 system is non-linear, and in order for the model to be well-posed the numerical solution needs to fulfill conditions called realizability. In this paper, we propose a numerical method that overcomes the stability constraint and preserves the realizability property. For this purpose, we relax the M1 system to obtain a linear flux term. Then we extend the stencil of the difference quotient to obtain stability. The scheme is applied to a radiotherapy dose calculation example.

In this paper, we are interested in modelling the flow of the coolant (water) in anuclear reactor core. To this end, we use a monodimensional low Mach number modelsupplemented with the stiffened gas law. We take into account potential phase transitionsby a single equation of state which describes both pure and mixture phases. In someparticular cases, we give analytical steady and/or unsteady solutions which providequalitative information about the flow. In the second part of the paper, we introduce twovariants of a numerical scheme based on the method of characteristics to simulate thismodel. We study and verify numerically the properties of these schemes. We finally presentnumerical simulations of a loss of flow accident (LOFA) induced by a coolant pump tripevent.

In this paper, the numerical study of compressible flow around an airfoil is presented. The flow is analyzed in steady state for subsonic, transonic and even in the supersonic regimes at different angles of attack. In finite-volume method convective fluxes are calculated and compared by two schemes. Modified Jameson flux scheme based on flux averaging with pressure correction is used. Modified Roe scheme which is one of the characteristics-based schemes, with modification in calculation of Jacobian matrix based on Mach number is implemented. Second-order accuracy is used with artificial dissipation to overcome numerical oscillations. The fifth-order Runge–Kutta scheme is used for time discretization. A proper boundary condition based on characteristics is applied. Numerical experiments are performed on the NACA 0012 and also NACA 4412 airfoils. The results confirm the superiority of modified upwind Roe scheme regarding the accuracy, stability and convergence. Results are compared to available results in literature and a good agreement is noticed.

This paper considers the effect of a hard-wall beach on the downstream side of submerged parallel bars in a breakwater. In previous research, it was assumed that the beach can absorb all of the transmitted wave energy, when an optimal dimension for a submerged parallel bar is obtained and the wave amplitude is reduced as more bars are installed. However, for a hard-wall beach there are waves reflected from the beach that change the long-term wave interaction. We adopt the linear shallow water equations in Riemann invariant form and use the method of characteristics, in a procedure applicable to various formations of submerged rectangular bars. The distance from the parallel bar (or bars) to the beach determines the phase differences between right running waves in the beach basin and whether they superpose destructively or constructively before hitting the beach, to define the safest and the most dangerous cases. Our numerical calculations for one bar, two bars and for periodic rectangular bars confirm the analytical formulae obtained.

Characteristic boundary conditions that are capable of handling general fluid mixtures flow at all flow speeds are developed. The formulation is based on fundamental thermodynamics theories incorporated into an efficient preconditioning scheme in a unified manner. Local one-dimensional inviscid (LODI) relations compatible to the preconditioning system are proposed to obtain information carried by incoming characteristic waves at boundaries accurately. The approach has been validated against a variety of sample problems at a broad range of fluid states and flow speeds. Both acoustic waves and hydrodynamic flow features can pass through the boundaries of computational domain transparently without any un-physical reflection or spurious distortion. The approach can be reliably applied to fluid flows at extensive thermodynamic states and flow speeds in numerical simulations. Moreover, the use of the boundary condition shows to improve the computational efficiency.

Un modèle numérique, permettant d’obtenir de manière automatique des informations sur la propagation des ondes de coup de bélier dans les réseaux maillés de conduites, est présenté. Le modèle tient compte des bifurcations et des dérivations dans les réseaux de conduites ainsi que des pertes de charges. Il est constitué d’un système de deux équations aux dérivées partielles non-linéaires de type hyperbolique résolu par la méthode des caractéristiques. L’algorithme numérique ainsi construit fournit une estimation des pressions maximales dans le fluide et des contraintes maximales dans les parois dues à la fermeture rapide de vannes. Dans certains cas, la contrainte maximale peut devenir supérieure à la contrainte admissible et provoque la rupture des conduites. La dangerosité d’un défaut de type cratère de corrosion a été analysée en déterminant la distribution des contraintes en tête de ce défaut. Les résultats obtenus permettent de calculer le facteur d’intensité de contraintes d’entaille appliqué. Cette grandeur est insérée dans un diagramme Intégrité-Rupture de type SINTAP et les nœuds en situation critique sont déterminés. Il y a risque de rupture si le facteur de sécurité est inférieur à 2. Les résultats de calcul montrent que presque tous les nœuds du réseau analysé sont situés en dehors du domaine d’intégrité.

Dans cette étude, on examine, par simulation numérique, la possibilité de réduire les pressions provoquées par le phénomène du coup de bélier dans un réseau de conduites quasi-rigides en remplaçant l'une des conduites du réseau par une conduite viscoélastique en polymère. Le modèle numérique développé est constitué d'un système de deux équations aux dérivées partielles non-linéaires de type hyperbolique résolu par la méthode des caractéristiques avec mise en mémoire et interpolation. Le calcul au niveau des nœuds est effectué par la résolution d'un système linéaire avec prise en considération des conditions aux limites imposées. La loi de comportement de la conduite viscoélastique est décrite par le modèle de Kelvin-Voigt. Afin de simplifier les calculs, on se limite à l'élément élastique de ce modèle. Pour les applications, un code de calcul écrit en langage FORTRAN a été élaboré. Les résultats obtenus montrent bien l'effet de l'élasticité des parois sur l'évolution et l'amortissement des ondes de pression dans les réseaux de conduites.

Dans cet article, on étudie numériquement la propagation des ondes de déformations linéaires dans les ressorts hélicoïdaux dues à un chargement axial. La modélisation mathématique consiste en un système linéaire de deux équations aux dérivées partielles de type hyperbolique représentant les équations de quantité de mouvement du ressort. Les méthodes numériques des caractéristiques et des différences finies de Lax-Wendroff sont utilisées pour la résolution de ce système. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d'examiner la propagation des ondes de déformations et de vitesses axiales et angulaires et d'analyser leurs évolutions en différentes sections du ressort. Pour valider la fiabilité de cette modélisation, les résultats issus de ces deux méthodes ont été confrontés avec succès à la solution analytique du problème étudié. Pour mettre en évidence l'influence des caractéristiques mécaniques du ressort sur l'évolution de ces ondes, différents matériaux ont été considérés. On a constaté que deux ressorts, constitués de deux matériaux différents, peuvent avoir le même comportement dynamique comme ils peuvent avoir un comportement dynamique différent.

A new approximation scheme is presented for the mathematical model of convection-diffusion and adsorption. The method is based on the relaxation method and the method of characteristics. We prove the convergence of the method and present some numerical experiments in 1D. The results can be applied to the model of contaminant transport in porous media with multi-site, equilibrium and non-equilibrium type of adsorption.

We consider the numerical approximation of a first orderstationary hyperbolic equation by the method of characteristics with pseudo time step k using discontinuous finite elements on a mesh ${\cal T}_h$ . For this method, we exhibit a “natural” norm || ||h,k for which we show that the discrete variational problem $P_h^k$ is well posed and weobtain an error estimate. We show that when k goes to zero problem $(P_h^k)$ (resp. the || ||h,k norm)has as a limit problem (P h ) (resp. the || ||h norm) associated to the Galerkin discontinuousmethod. This extends to two and three space dimension our previous results obtained in one space dimension.