Mineral mining is among the most dangerous jobs in the world. According to the ILO, mining accounted for about 8 percent of the world’s work-related fatalities in 2015 but only represents 1 percent of the global workforce. Despite these dangers, the long-run trend in the USA shows a significant decline in mine-related fatalities. This reflects positive changes in a number of factors, but technological innovations are likely to be one of the most important sources of improvements in health and safety outcomes at US mining operations. This chapter explores technological innovations in mineral mining health and safety, using patent data by describing the broad trends in US mineral mining patents as well as the subgroup related to health and safety. The chapter also provides an overview of the development of US mining legislation culminating with the passage of the US MINER Act of 2006 and describes this program and the patented technological innovations associated with federally supported research through the program. The final section performs descriptive regression analyses to relate the innovations stimulated by the program to health and safety outcomes in mineral mining.