Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a range of adverse outcomes. One of many potential adverse trajectories for those with ADHD is involvement in criminal offending. Meta-analyses have reported increased prevalence rates of ADHD in youth and adult offender populations. The prevalence of comorbid disorders in offender populations is common, but this appears to be increased in those with ADHD, which in turn complicates diagnosis and treatment. This chapter outlines the prevalence of ADHD in offender populations and considers gender and cultural effects. The relationship between ADHD and criminal offending is discussed, including the onset and type of offending, recidivism, progress within institutional establishments, comorbidity and long-term consequences. theoretical frameworks for understanding the association between ADHD and criminal offending are also considered. The chapter also highlights the economic consequences of ADHD within offender populations and more broadly within society. We consider system barriers and practical strategies that may be implemented to identify and meet the needs of offenders with ADHD.

When studying insurgency and civil war, understanding different exit pathways from violence could, ideally, help to prevent the resurgence of that violence. But criminologists have long stated that desistance from violent groups is notoriously difficult to measure: people might disengage from violence but still be committed to their group in other ways, or they might disengage temporarily, only to rejoin the group or commit violence in other ways or with different groups later on. Understanding why people join violent rebellions is not enough to understand the full trajectory of participation in armed activity – especially when a lot of that understanding is built on why men join violent rebellions. It is also critical to understand why both men and women stay, why they leave, and/or why they return after having disarmed. Desertion, perceptions of threat, and armed group fragmentation also cannot be understood at only the organizational level, nor at only the individual level. This chapter discusses how these phenomena are linked together: how these groups frame reality and threats to build cohesion and collective identities, and how their recruits interpret or dispute these frames.

Abstract arguments about crime and punishment typically focus on single, isolated offenses. But a key question for any criminal justice system is how to treat people who come before courts for their second, third, fourth, fifth time and beyond? The prevalence of these cases is one of the reasons that police, prosecutors, and judges often do not consider the system as harsh as it appears to outsiders. In their experience, many of the folks who get locked up received multiple chances to avoid incarceration.

This chapter argues that the adoption of the leniency programme in Korea is proof of considering any kind of price-fixing agreements as the supreme evil in society. Since its adoption, the leniency programme has contributed to nearly 55 per cent of all detected cartels. The leniency programme is attractive in its conceptualisation, because of high rewards for a limited number of firms and its conditions that are transparent and predictable. Furthermore, the chapter argues that private actions and criminal sanctions are not necessarily detrimental to a leniency application in Korea. Both are very rare and, in the case of criminal sanctions, there is a court judgment that leniency applicants should be excluded from the indictment. To further improve the leniency programme, the chapter suggests weakening the ineligibility of recidivists to apply for leniency and introducing penalty plus, whereby the sanction increases if a firm refrains from disclosing participation in another cartel, and an omnibus question, whereby a leniency applicant is asked to report information on other forbidden practices it is aware of.

This chapter examines the effectiveness of the administrative fines imposed on cartels by the European Commission. It reviews the theory and practice and evidence that European Commission fines, leniency and settlement procedures deter cartels.

This chapter presents an overview of treatment approaches for Persons with Sexual Offense Histories (PSOHs). These approaches include those that have been used historically, such as behavioural interventions, and those that have come into use more recently, such as interventions based on the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Model and the Good Lives Model (GLM). Models that integrate or update aspects of these frameworks are also discussed – one of these is the newly developed Integrated Risk Assessment and Treatment System (IRATS), which has shown promise among high-risk, high-need populations. The chapter also describes subgroups of PSOHs that may warrant additional consideration in treatment. Although heterogeneity exists among PSOHs, groups such as female PSOHs, juvenile PSOHs and those engaged in online sexual offenses may present with unique treatment needs that could be addressed by service providers. For these and other groups, treatment efficacy may depend on factors including the formation of a therapeutic alliance and attention to cultural barriers and histories of trauma. Future considerations for ongoing treatment development are included.

In order to assess the recidivism risk of adults who have been convicted of violent and/or sexual offenses, there exist two kinds of formal assessments: an actuarial risk assessment approach and a nonactuarial approach which is usually called “structured professional judgment” (SPJ). The actuarial risk assessment approach could be further divided into risk assessment instruments which are using predominantly static (i.e., biographical, criminological, and unchangeable) or dynamic (i.e., changeable by, for example, treatment-related processes) risk factors. The SPJ approach is a research-based professional guideline approach to decision-making which provides bench marks for integrating information from a broad range of risk factors associated with recidivism. These instruments are based on considerations of the relevant scientific, professional, and legal literature. The present chapter provides an overview about the main characteristics of both risk assessment approaches as well as about the internationally most commonly used and best validated actuarial and SPJ instruments.

Chapter 9 examines the consequences of subjecting children to SORN laws. It argues that registration and notification laws are uniquely ineffective and harmful when applied to children. The chapter begins with a history of how SORN laws came to regulate juvenile sexual misconduct. In response to moral panics around “sexual predators” and “juvenile super-predators,” policymakers explicitly expanded the scope of SORN laws to cover children adjudicated delinquent of sex offenses. The chapter next evaluates the effects of these laws on juvenile offending, particularly recidivism. Contrary to the myths underlying their enactment, children found to have engaged in sexual misconduct very rarely reoffend. Further, the evidence is unanimous that SORN laws do not reduce recidivism. The chapter then compiles evidence on the many deleterious effects SORN laws produce when they are applied to children. Studies of providers and children who are registrants demonstrate that SORN laws increase substantially the risk of suicide and sexual victimization. Furthermore, SORN laws are associated with high rates of plea bargaining among children. In light of these failures and dangerous effects, the application of SORN to children should be abandoned.

Chapter 8 examines the disconnect between the etiology of sexual offending and the mechanics of SORN laws. Using what is known about sexual offending and the psychology of individuals who commit sex crimes, the chapter argues that registration and notification (as well as residence restrictions) are destined to be ineffective if not counterproductive. The discussion begins with an overview of the diverse etiology of sexual offending. A range of biological, psychological, and social factors can account for the commission of a sexual offense, and the specific set of causes behind an individual’s offending shape the recidivism risk they pose postconviction. The chapter refutes many common assumptions underlying SORN laws. First-time offenders who are well-known to their victims account for the majority of sex offenses. This is out of step with the “stranger danger” concept motivating SORN laws. Further, research establishes that recidivism risk diminishes over time and can be addressed through treatment. Finally, the chapter shows how SORN laws may increase recidivism risk. The stigmatization and isolation they produce, interacting with existing risk factors, may undermine protective factors and interfere with treatment gains. It argues that evidence-based, targeted laws would be more efficient and effective than current SORN laws.

Chapter 9 reexamines our main claims by studying the so-called division between prison and the outside world. Penal populism claims: “Lock-in the criminals and throw away the keys,” yet the harsh reality has proven that this separation is a fallacy. The vast majority of inmates re-enter society after a few years, and all inmates have links with the outside world, producing negative externalities from imprisonment. This chapter shows that the boundaries between prisons and the outside world are blurred, that prisons are an integral part of life for hundreds of thousands in Latin America and affect the millions of relatives and friends who live outside prisons. Thus, there are active networks and channels of communication and exchanges that defy the concept of prisons as isolation centers. The chapter looks at several topics such as the effect of prison on families and recidivism, and concludes that separating large numbers of young people from the outside world has not impacted crime levels on the streets.

Chapter 5 focuses on women’s release from prison using petitions that convicted women or interested parties wrote to lords lieutenant for release from prison or a reduction in sentence, as well as letters that ex-convicts wrote to prison officials in an effort to secure the balance of their gratuities. Women and men directly connected with the prison took an interest in a convict’s plans on departure to maximise her chances of successful rehabilitation and to prevent habitual criminality. The first section outlines the groups and individuals who influenced decisions about a woman’s release. The second and third sections examine how the domestic and employment situations to which an inmate would return could inform her discharge. These two sections document the fates of women after release and the realities of life in nineteenth-century Ireland. The fourth section offers an insight into legislation and practices that developed around convicts and habitual criminals, and the lived experiences for some repeat offenders. The final part of this chapter examines experiences for those women who sought to emigrate. This chapter argues that women’s intentions not to again offend could be thwarted at home or abroad by the challenging circumstances to which they returned.