Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Foreign States — Position of State Bank when acting in a private capacity — Implied waiver — The law of the Netherlands.

Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Control measures constituting expropriation — Relevance of political motive and discriminatory character — The law of the Netherlands.

Recognition of acts of foreign Governments — Control measures taken in Indonesia — Foreign “Act of State” — Whether entitled to recognition in the Netherlands — Whether “Act of State” doctrine a rule of international law — The law of the Netherlands.

Recognition of acts of foreign Governments — Whether consideration of legislation of revolutionary Government constitutes recognition of that Government — Italian Social Republic.

Recognition of acts of foreign Governments — Legislation of revolutionary Government — Whether legislation of Italian Social Republic constitutes “laws in force” for purposes of Treaty of Peace with Italy — Principle of effectiveness.

Recognition — Of States — Status of revolutionary Government — Whether legislation of Italian Social Republic constitutes “laws in force” for purposes of Treaty of Peace with Italy — Principle of effectiveness.

Recognition — Of Governments — Whether consideration of legislation of revolutionary Government constitutes recognition of that Government — Italian Social Republic.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Territorial limits of — Authority in State divided between lawful Government and rebel Government — Scope of legislation of rival Governments — Principle of effectiveness — Position in Italy after Armistice, 1943 — Scope of laws of Government of Italian Social Republic.

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — Acts of revolutionary Governments — Responsibility of Italy for acts of revolutionary Government of Italy during Second World War.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Miscellaneous — Treaties of peace — Restitution and reparation provisions — Meaning of “treated as enemy” with relation to “the laws in force in Italy during the war” — Whether erroneous application to Italian national of statute directed at enemy nationals constitutes treatment as enemy — Non — conformity with Italian legislation in force during war — Racial — discrimination legislation enacted after Armistice of 1943 — Ordinary meaning of words — Treaty of Peace with Italy, Article 78 (9) (a).

Treaties of peace — Performance of — Restitution and reparation provisions — Meaning of “treated as enemy” with relation to “the laws in force in Italy during the war” — Whether erroneous application to Italian national of statute directed at enemy nationals constitutes treatment as enemy — Non-conformity with Italian legislation in force during war — Racial-discrimination legislation enacted after Armistice of 1943 — Ordinary meaning of words — Principle of effectiveness — Connection with war.

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Meaning of “treated as enemy” with relation to “the laws in force in Italy during the war” — Whether erroneous application to Italian national of statute directed at enemy nationals constitutes treatment as enemy-Non-conformity with Italian legislation in force during war-Racial — discrimination legislation enacted after Armistice of 1943 — Territorial scope of such legislation — Principle of effectiveness — Nature of discriminatory legislation — Connection with war — Treaty of Peace with Italy, Article 78 (9) (a).

Recognition of acts of foreign Governments — Whether consideration of legislation of revolutionary Government constitutes recognition of that Government — Italian Social Republic.

Recognition of acts of foreign Governments — Legislation of revolutionary Government — Whether legislation of Italian Social Republic constitutes “laws in force” for purposes of Treaty of Peace with Italy — Principle of effectiveness.

Recognition — Of States — Status of revolutionary Government — Whether legislation of Italian Social Republic constitutes “laws in force” for purposes of Treaty of Peace with Italy — Principle of effectiveness.

Recognition — Of Governments — Whether consideration of legislation of revolutionary Government constitutes recognition of that Government — Italian Social Republic.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Territorial limits of — Authority in State divided between lawful Government and rebel Government — Scope of legislation of rival Governments — Principle of effectiveness — Position in Italy after Armistice, 1943 — Scope of laws of Government of Italian Social Republic.

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — Acts of revolutionary Governments — Responsibility of Italy for acts of revolutionary Government of Italy during Second World War.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of — Natural meaning of terms — When excluded — Unreasonableness or inconsistency.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Miscellaneous — Treaties of peace — Restitution and reparation provisions — Meaning of “treated as enemy” with relation to “the laws in force in Italy during the war” — Whether application of racial — discrimination legislation enacted after Armistice of 1943 constitutes such treatment as enemy — Literal interpretation — Ordinary meaning of words — Interpretation of treaty as a whole — Reference to preamble as aid to interpretation — Interpretation in light of general international law — Treaty of Peace with Italy, Article 78 (9) (a).

Treaties of peace — Performance of — Restitution and reparation provisions — Meaning of “treated as ene1ny” with relation to “the laws in force in Italy during the war” — Whether application of racial — discrimination legislation enacted after Armistice of 1943 constitutes such treatment as enemy — Ordinary meaning of words — Principle of effectiveness — Connection with war.

War — Warfare on land — Belligerent occupation — Nature and effects of — Effect on sovereignty of occupied State — Distinction between belligerent occupation and de facto government — Whether Government de facto created by occupying authorities is to be treated as effective Government of occupied territory — Position of Italian Social Republic.

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Meaning of “treated as enemy” with relation to “the laws in force in Italy during the war” — Whether application of discriminatory legislation enacted after Armistice of 1943 constitutes such treatment — Legislation enacted by Government of Italian Social Republic — Territorial scope of — Principle of effectiveness — Nature of discriminatory legislation — Connection with war — Treaty of Peace with Italy, Article 78 (9) (a).

Recognition of acts of foreign Governments — Expropriatory measures taken in Indonesia — Foreign “Act of State” — Whether entitled to recognition in Netherlands — Action for revindication of property in Netherlands.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Effect on assets situate abroad — Effect on trade-marks registered in international register and in register of State of forum — The law of France.

Recognition of acts of foreign Governments — Legislative acts — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Partnership business expropriated in Czechoslovakia — Subsequent formation of French company by expropriated partners — International registration of trade-marks by Czechoslovak “National Enterprise” substituted for expropriated partnership — Whether “National Enterprise” or French company entitled to use trade-marks — Madrid Arrangement for International Registration of Marks of Manufacture, 1891 — Relevance of discrimination — Public policy — The law of France.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Recognition of Foreign Law — Whether Consistent with National Sovereignty — Enforcement in Holland of Belgian Decree Providing for Restitution to Belgian State of Money Paid in Pursuance of Illegal Acts of Occupying Power in Belgium.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Recognition of Judgments — Relevance of Intention to Circumvent Legislation of State Asked to Recognize Judgment.

Jurisdiction — Territorial Limits of — Confiscatory Decrees — Nationalization of Company — Substitution of State EnterpriseBusiness of Nationalized Company Continued Elsewhere — Whether State Enterprise Liable to be Restrained in Country of Forum from Trading under Original Name — The Law of Austria.

Belligerent Occupation — Recognition of Legislative Acts of Occupant in Third Country — Nationalization Decree by Soviet Occupant in Germany — Whether Decree Entitled to Recognition in Austria — The Law of Austria

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Confiscatory Decree of Foreign Government — Nationalization of Foreign Company — Substitution of State Enterprise — Business of Nationalized Company Continued by Former Directors Elsewhere — Whether State Enterprise Liable to be Restrained from Trading under Original Name in Country of Forum — The Law of Austria.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Whether Consideration of Legislation of Revolutionary Government Constitutes Recognition of that Government — Italian Socialist Republic.

Recognition — Of States — Position of Puppet Authority in Territory Under Enemy Control — Status of Italian Social Republic — Whether Legislation of Italian Social Republic “laws in force” for Purposes of Treaty of Peace with Italy.

Recognition — Of Governments — Whether Consideration of Legislation of Revolutionary Government Constitutes Recognition of That Government — Italian Socialist Republic.

State Responsibility — Responsibility for Acts of Local Revolutionary Government — Responsibility of Italy for Acts of Revolutionary Italian Government during Second World War.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Miscellaneous — Peace Treaties — Meaningof Expression “treated as enemy” — Anti — Jewish Legislation of Italian Socialist Republic — Whether Constituting “laws in force in Italy during the war”.

State Responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Sequestration of “Jewish Property” in Italy — Owner Naturalized Subsequent to Date of Peace Treaty — Meaning of Expression “have been treated as enemy” — Whether Anti-Jewish Legislation of Local Revolutionary Government Constitutes Treatment as Enemy of Jews Affected Thereby — Legislation of Italian Socialist Republic — Whether Constituting “laws in force in Italy during the war”.

Conclusiveness of Determination by Executive Department — Limits of — Determination of Property Rights — The Law of the United States of America.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Inter-governmental Patent Release — Whether Constituting an International Agreement — Diplomatic Controversy Concerning — Political Question — Adjudication of Rights to Property — The Law of the United States of America.

Conclusiveness of Statements of Executive — Foreign Office Certificate — Supplementation by Evidence ex aliunde.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Recognition of Law Enacted by Unrecognized Government.

Recognition — Of Governments — De facto Recognition of Government of Lithuania — Retroactive Effect of — Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Law Enacted by Unrecognized Government — Conclusiveness of Statements of Executive — Foreign Office Certificate — Supplementation by Evidence ex aliunde.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Revenue Laws of Another State — Whether Enforceable — Indirect Enforcement — Liquidation of Scots Company — Removal of Assets to Eire — Fraud on Scots Revenue Laws — Attempt of Scots Liquidator to Recover in Courts of Eire.

Jurisdiction — Immunity from — “National Enterprise” Engaged in Commerce — The Law of Germany.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Foreign Confiscatory Legislation — Nationalization of Business Enterprise — Trade-Marks Owned by Business Enterprise — Trade-Marks Registered in Country of Forum — Situs of Trade-Marks — Whether Confiscation Affects Trade-Marks in Country of Forum.

Jurisdiction — Immunity from — Action Galling in Question Propriety of Acts of Foreign State — Refusal to Pass Judgment on Acts Done by Foreign Government Within Its Own Territory.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Action for Inducing Breach of Contract with Foreign Government — Litigation between Private Persons — Refusal to Adjudicate on Validity of Acts Done by Foreign Government within Its Own Territory.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Nationalization Decree — Enforceability in Territorial Waters of Foreign State.

Recognition — Of Annexation — Effects of Non-recognition — Non-recognition by United States of Annexation of Lithuania by Soviet Russia.

Annexation — Non-recognition of — Effects of — Non-recognition by United States of Annexation of Lithuania by Soviet Russia.

Jurisdiction — Personal — Property of Nationals Abroad — Nationalization Decree — Effect of — Enforceability in Territorial Waters of Foreign State — Recognition of Incorporation of a State in Territory of Foreign State — Recognition of Lithuanian Government — The Law of the United States of America.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Exterritorial Effect of Confiscatory Legislation — Penal Laws — Whether Valid in respect of Property Situate Outside the Territory — Whether Enforceable in Israel Courts — Anti-Jewish Legislation in Iraq — Public Policy.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Nationalization of Business Enterprise — Debts Owing to Enterprise — Expropriation without Compensation.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Confiscation of Property — Territorial Effect of — Situs of Debt.

Belligerent Occupation — Legislative Measures — Enforcement in Holland of Belgian Decree Providing for Restitution to the Belgian State of Money Paid in Pursuance of Illegal Acts of Occupying Power in Belgium.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Recognition of Foreign Law — Whether Consistent with National Sovereignty — Enforcement in Holland of Belgian Decree Providing for Restitution to the Belgian State of Money Paid in Pursuance of Illegal Acts of Occupying Power in Belgium.

Jurisdiction — Jurisdiction over Subjects’ Property Situated Abroad — Exterritorial Effect of Confiscatory Decrees.

War — Trading with the Enemy — Trading with the Enemy Act 1939 — Inchoate Sale Agreement Made before Act but Retroactively Validated after Act — Whether within the Mischief of the Act — Patents, Designs, Copyright and Trade Marks (Emergency) Act, 1939 — Purpose of the Act — Enemy character of Copyright Owner — Effect of Act on his Power to Grant Licences — Powers of Comptroller under the Act.

Enemy Character — Of Persons — Patents, Designs, Copyright and Trade Marks (Emergency) Act, 1939 — Enemy Character of Owner of Copyright — Whether Once an Enemy Always an Enemy for the Purposes of the Act — Effect of Act on Power of Enemy or Ex-enemy to Deal with his Own Property — Powers of Comptroller under the Act.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign Governments — Exterritorial Effect of Confiscatory Decrees — Whether Sale by Trustee can be Confiscatory — Whether Valid to Transfer Property Outside Territory — Whether Enforceable In English Courts — Trading with the Enemy — Trading with the Enemy Act, 1939 — Inchoate Agreement for Sale Made Before Act and Retroactively Validated After Act — Whether Within the Mischief of the Act — Enemy Character of Copyright Owner — Patents, Designs, Copyright and Trade Marks (Emergency) Act, 1939 — Effect of Shedding Enemy Character — Position of Copyright Owner Who is No Longer an Enemy.