States as intemational persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Whether English courts obliged to give effect to foreign legislation contrary to international law — English public policy — Law depriving persons of citizenship on racial grounds — National Socialist Decree concerning nationality of expatriate Jews — The law of England

The individual in international law — Nationality — Naturalization — Dual national — Whether affecting foreign nationality — The law of England

Nationality — Double nationality — Acquisition of citizenship by naturalization — Whether entailing loss of foreign nationality — The law of Germany — The law of England

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On enemy subjects with regard to their personal status in the territory of the belligerent — Forfeiture of German nationality — National Socialist Decree 1941 — English law doctrine disregarding changes of status made by enemy State in time of war — Whether applying after end of hostilities — Whether Decree to be recognized by English courts as effective — The law of England

War and neutrality — War in general — Termination of war Meaning of phrase “end of hostilities” — Whether end of fighting or official end of war — The law of England

The individual in international law — Nationality — Expatriation Loss of nationality — Effect of German decree depriving expatriate Jews of German citizenship — Subsequent invalidation by Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany — Article 116 (2) of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany 1949 — Effect on nationality of German Jew who had earlier become a British subject by naturalization — Double nationality — Taxation — Federal Republic of Germany — United Kingdom Double Taxation Agreements

Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Whether English courts obliged to give effect to foreign law which was contrary to international law — English public policy — Deprivation of citizenship on racial grounds — Confiscatory legislation

War and neutrality — Enemy character — Individuals — Non — recognition of law passed by enemy State changing individual's status as enemy national — Whether non — recognition continuing after end of war — Whether critical date the end of active hostilities or termination of formal state of war — The law of England

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign nationalization and confiscatory legislation — Partnerships — Effect of foreign legislation on assets situate in forum State — Situs of trade names and trade-marks — Effect on trade names and trade-marks — The law of Italy.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign nationalization and confiscatory legislation — Partnerships — Effect of foreign legislation on property outside legislating State — Effect on trade-marks registered by expropriated owners in State of forum — Grounds for non-recognition of foreign legislation — Public policy — The law of Italy.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Nationalization of foreign company — Substitution of State enterprise — Rights of shareholders to assets of nationalized company in forum State — The law of Austria.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Nationalization of foreign company — Substitution of State enterprise — Rights of shareholders to assets of nationalized company in forum State — The law of Austria.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Expropriation of alien property — Indonesia — Measures of control and confiscation without compensation of Indonesian subsidiaries of Netherlands corporation — Whether discriminatory against Netherlands nationals — Whether subsidiaries are Netherlands enterprises — Whether measures contrary to international law and Netherlands public policy — Debt of Indonesian bank to Indonesian subsidiaries of Netherlands corporation — Indonesian measures of control over subsidiaries — Assignment of debt in Netherlands by former directors to Netherlands parent company — Claim by parent company against Indonesian bank — Whether law governing assignment Indonesian or Netherlands law — Assignment made by persons incompetent under Indonesian law by reason of measures of control and confiscation — Assignment violating Indonesian foreign exchange control regulations — Whether valid — The law of the Netherlands.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Foreign States — Jurisdiction of courts to judge legality of acts of foreign State in question in action between private parties — Acts violating international law — Public policy — The law of the Netherlands.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Whether courts may judge legality of acts of foreign States performed jure imperii — Non-recognition of acts violating rules of international law protecting private interests — Measures of control and confiscation without compensation exclusively of Indonesian enterprises owned by Netherlands natural or legal persons — Whether violating international law — Whether violating Netherlands public policy — Assignment of debt governed by law of Indonesia — Whether Indonesian foreign exchange control legislation applicable — Validity of assignment — Public policy — The law of the Netherlands.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign exchange regulations — Application to assignment of balances claimable abroad in foreign currencies — The law of the Netherlands.

Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Expropriation — Recognition by foreign court of effect of measures placing under control and nationalizing assets of national subsidiaries of foreign company — Relevance of political objectives for such measures — Discriminatory and confiscatory effect of measures — Control Orders and nationalization Decrees of Indonesia against assets of subsidiaries of Netherlands company — The law of the Netherlands.

Treaties — Termination of — Unilateral denunciation — Effect of — Whether courts of co-contracting State obliged to apply foreign exchange legislation of Party in breach — Agreements between Netherlands and Indonesia concluded at Round Table Conference, 1949 — The law of the Netherlands.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Non-recognition of acts contrary to international law — Measures placing under control and nationalizing assets of national subsidiaries of foreign company — Relevance of political objectives of such measures — Discriminatory and confiscatory effect of measures — Control Orders and Nationalization Decrees of Indonesia against assets of subsidiaries of Netherlands company — Legality of foreign exchange regulations connected with nationalization measures unlawful by international law — Effect of unilateral breach of financial agreements upon obligation of co-contracting State to recognize foreign exchange regulations of other Party — The law of the Netherlands.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Acts of dictator as Act of State — Alleged financial crimes of dictator as basis for extradition request — Whether extraditing State can examine acts to determine if they constitute alleged crimes — The law of the United States of America.

Extradition — Political crimes — Whether alleged financial crimes of former dictator are Acts of State into which requested State cannot inquire or are political crimes — Effect of indictment on which request based containing political and non — political crimes — Whether financial crimes within Extradition Treaty between United States of America and Venezuela, 1922 — Degree of proof required for extradition — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Termination of — Unilateral denunciation — Effect of — Whether courts of co-contracting State obliged to apply foreign exchange legislation of Party in breach — Agreements between Netherlands and Indonesia concluded at Round Table Conference, 1949 — The law of the Netherlands.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Exchange control legislation — Application limited by earlier inter-governmental agreement — Effect of unilateral abrogation of agreement — Whether courts of co-contracting State obliged to apply foreign exchange legislation — Agreements between Netherlands and Indonesia concluded at Round Table Conference, 1949 — Netherlands.

International law — Relation to Municipal law — Whether courts will examine validity under international law of public act of foreign sovereign committed within own territory expropriating foreign property without adequate compensation — Competence of municipal courts to determine and apply international law Nature of customary international law standard governing State's responsibility for taking of foreign property without adequate compensation — Act of State doctrine — Nature of and policies underlying — Applicability of doctrine when foreign State's acts alleged to violate customary international law — International law as understood by courts in United States — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Expropriation of alien property — Expropriation by Cuba of sugar properties within Cuba indirectly owned by United States residents — Challenge to validity of expropriation in United States court — Action by Cuban governmental instrumentality to recover value of such properties after alleged conversion of sugar in United States — Whether expropriation in violation of customary international law — Relevance of failure of Cuba to pay adequate compensation — Relevance of retaliatory purpose of expropriation and discriminatory application to United States citizens — Nature of customary international law standard governing State's responsibility for taking of foreign property without adequate compensation — Application of Act of State doctrine in United States courts — International law as understood by courts in United States — The law of the United States of America.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Expropriation of foreign-owned property situate within expropriating State — Expropriation by Cuba of sugar properties indirectly owned by United States residents — Suit by Cuban governmental instrumentality in United States Court to recover value of properties after alleged conversion of sugar in United States — Whether Court can examine validity of expropriation to determine whether instrumentality acquired title to sugar properties — Act of State doctrine — Nature of and policies underlying — Applicability of doctrine when foreign State's acts alleged to violate customary international law — Nature of customary international standard governing State's responsibility for taking of foreign property without adequate compensation — Whether recognized foreign Government may resort to United States courts — International law as understood by courts in United States — The law of the United States of America.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign revenue laws — Whether recognised or enforceable in another State — Indirect enforcement — Garnishee order by foreign tax authority against assets of policy-holder — Whether order a good defence to claim on policy — The law of England.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company — Vesting of shares in foreign administrator — Foreign administrator's action to recover property of foreign company in forum State — Netherlands legislation on enemy property — The law of Germany.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company — Vesting of shares in foreign administrator — Foreign administrator's action to recover property of foreign company in forum State — Netherlands legislation on enemy property — The law of Germany.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company and vesting of shares in foreign "people's enterprise " — Foreign company suing for debt owed by defendant in forum State — Debt owing from before date of confiscation — Whether debt recoverable by foreign company — The law of Germany.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company and vesting of shares in foreign “people's enterprise” — Foreign company suing for debt owed by defendant in forum State — Debt owing from before date of confiscation — Whether recoverable by foreign company — The law of Germany.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign exchange control legislation — Whether applicable to assignment of debt existing under law of foreign State — Relevance of Articles of Agreement of International Monetary Fund — The law of the Netherlands.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign bank liable as guarantor of bonds governed by English law — Foreign legislation merging debtor bank with new bank — New bank liable on bonds as “universal successor” — Subsequent foreign amending legislation retrospectively excepting obligation on English bonds from universal succession — Whether such legislation confiscatory or discriminatory — Whether comity requires recognition of such legislation — The law of England.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Legislation contained in treaty — Vesting of debt in foreign State — Creditor resident in State of forum — Debtor resident in foreign State — Effectiveness of legislation vesting debt in foreign State — Austrian State Treaty, 1955 — Treaty for Settlement of Claims between Republic of Austria and Federal Republic of Germany, 1957.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Nationalization of foreign co — operative society — Appointment of member of original board of society as administrator of society's assets in forum State — Appointment by court of forum State — Right of administrator to sue for debts owed by debtor in forum State — The law of Germany.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory decree — Dissolution of foreign co-operative society and confiscation of its assets — Assets of society in forum State — Member of board of society appointed administrator of society's assets in forum State — Right of administrator to sue for debts owed to society by debtor in forum State — The law of Germany.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company in pursuance of foreign legislation on enemy property — Debt owed to foreign company in forum State — Whether debt owed to notional" severed company" in forum State representing interests of expropriated shareholders — The law of Germany.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company in pursuance of foreign legislation on enemy property — Debt owed to foreign company by debtor in forum State — Whether debt owed to notional “severed company” in forum State representing interests of expropriated shareholders — The law of Germany.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign judicial decisions — Circumstances in which such decisions will be enforced — Relevance of reciprocity — The law of Colombia.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Territorial limits of — Foreign legislation — Exterritorial effect of — Whether affecting German — owned trade-marks registered in Italy — Allied Control Council Law No. 5 — Peace Treaty with Italy, 1947, Article 77 — Washington Memorandum of Agreement of August 14, 1947 — Rome Memorandum of Agreement on German — Owned Trade-Marks, July 5, 1956 — The law of Italy.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Legislative acts — Effect of confiscatory legislation — Position of trade-marks registered in country of forum — Interpretation of Allied Control Council Law No. 5 of October 30, 1945 — Peace Treaty with Italy, 1947, Article 77 — Washington Memorandum of Agreement of August 14, 1947 — Rome Memorandum of Agreement on German-owned Trade-Marks, July 5, 1956 — The law of Italy.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Acts contrary to international law — Whether entitled to recognition abroad — Ultra vires measures of belligerent occupant — Whether Soviet civil law of divorce introduced into occupied areas of Galicia entitled to recognition — The law of Israel.

Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Legislative, judicial and administrative functions of Occupant — Modification of domestic legal system of occupied territory — Limits of Occupant's authority — Article 43 of Hague Regulations of 1907 — The Law of divorce — Effect of Soviet occupation of Eastern Galicia — The law of Israel.

Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Nature and effects of occupation — Duration — Whether Occupant can acquire sovereignty over occupied area pendente bello — Soviet occupation of Eastern Galicia during Second World War.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Expropriation of business — Fate of trade — marks owned bybusiness — Madrid Arrangement on International Registration of Trade — Marks — The law of Italy.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Expropriation of business enterprise in Eastern Germany — Substitution of “People's Enterprise” for expropriated enterprise — Owners of expropriated enterprise reconstituting business in Western Germany — Fate of trade-marks owned by expropriated enterprise — Registration of trade-marks by expropriated owners in Western Germany and at International Bureau — Use of trade-marks in Italy — Whether West German enterprise or “People's Enterprise” entitled to use trade-marks — Madrid Arrangement on International Registration of Trade Marks — The law of Italy.