International law — Relation to municipal law — " Law of nations" defined — Municipal statute conferring jurisdiction upon federal courts in actions by aliens for torts committed in violation of law of nations — Action by alien seeking custody of daughter from divorced wife — The law of nations as understood by courts in United States of America.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Constitutional law of forum State providing for “observance of generally recognized rules of International law” — Alleged violation of bilateral treaty — Whether such violation constitutes violation of generally recognized rules of international law — The law of Austria.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory measures — Effect on property situated outside confiscating State — The law of the United States of America.

States as international persons — Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory measures — Effect on property located within forum State — Effect of nationalization of Cuban corporation upon capacity of corporation to sue in United States court — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Waiver of sovereign immunity — Ineffective to give United States court power to review act of foreign sovereign within territory of foreign sovereign — The law of the United States of America.

States as international persons — Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Where expropriatory act of foreign Government against its own national alleged to be without compensation and without due process of law — Counterclaim by alien in action brought by own Government — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company in pursuance of foreign legislation on enemy property — Debt owed to foreign company in forum State — Whether debt owed to notional" severed company" in forum State representing interests of expropriated shareholders — The law of Germany.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company in pursuance of foreign legislation on enemy property — Debt owed to foreign company by debtor in forum State — Whether debt owed to notional “severed company” in forum State representing interests of expropriated shareholders — The law of Germany.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Nationalization of foreign co — operative society — Appointment of member of original board of society as administrator of society's assets in forum State — Appointment by court of forum State — Right of administrator to sue for debts owed by debtor in forum State — The law of Germany.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory decree — Dissolution of foreign co-operative society and confiscation of its assets — Assets of society in forum State — Member of board of society appointed administrator of society's assets in forum State — Right of administrator to sue for debts owed to society by debtor in forum State — The law of Germany.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company — Vesting of shares in foreign administrator — Foreign administrator's action to recover property of foreign company in forum State — Netherlands legislation on enemy property — The law of Germany.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company — Vesting of shares in foreign administrator — Foreign administrator's action to recover property of foreign company in forum State — Netherlands legislation on enemy property — The law of Germany.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company and vesting of shares in foreign "people's enterprise " — Foreign company suing for debt owed by defendant in forum State — Debt owing from before date of confiscation — Whether debt recoverable by foreign company — The law of Germany.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Confiscation of shares in foreign company and vesting of shares in foreign “people's enterprise” — Foreign company suing for debt owed by defendant in forum State — Debt owing from before date of confiscation — Whether recoverable by foreign company — The law of Germany.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Legislation contained in treaty — Vesting of debt in foreign State — Creditor resident in State of forum — Debtor resident in foreign State — Effectiveness of legislation vesting debt in foreign State — Austrian State Treaty, 1955 — Treaty for Settlement of Claims between Republic of Austria and Federal Republic of Germany, 1957.

Treaties — Operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Compatibility of municipal law with United Nations Charter and Trusteeship Agreement — The law of Australia.

Mandated and Trust territories — Trust territory of New Guinea — Status of Government of New Guinea — Joint government with non — trusteeship territory — Compatibility with United Nations Charter and New Guinea Trusteeship Agreement — The law of Australia.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Constitutional limitations — Constitutional provision renouncing war as “a sovereign right of the nation” — Whether such State retains right of self-defence — Constitutional validity of conclusion by such State of mutual security treaty — Constitution of Japan, Article 9 — Whether Security Treaty between United States of America and Japan consistent with Article 9 — Inherent right of individual and collective selfdefence — The law of Japan.

Treaties — Operation and enforcement of — Legislation to give effect to treaty — Constitutional validity of such legislation — Constitutional provision renouncing war as a sovereign right of the nation — Conclusion of mutual security treaty between that State and another State — Whether Treaty consistent with constitutional provision — Constitution of Japan, Article 9 — Security Treaty between United States of America and Japan — Special Criminal Law to implement Treaty — Provisions protecting United States Forces and property in Japan — The law of Japan.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Treaties of alliance and security — Security Treaty between Japan and United States of America — Whether compatible with renunciation by Japan of right of war — Constitution of Japan, Article 9 — Whether Japan retains right of individual and collective self-defence — The law of Japan.

States as international persons — Demilitarization — Effect of constitutional provision renouncing war as a “sovereign right of the nation” — Whether State retains right of self-defence — Nature of right of self-defence — Constitutional validity of conclusion by such State of mutual security treaty — Constitution of Japan, Article 9 — Whether Security Treaty between United States of America and Japan consistent with Article 9 — Inherent right of individual and collective self-defence — Legality of stationing of United States forces in Japan — The law of Japan.

Recognition — Of Governments — Effect of non — recognition upon capacity to sue of assignee of corporate agency of unrecognized Government — Suit by assignee on underlying transaction where such transaction not shown to violate public policy — Status of East Germany — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction-Exemptions from — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Where foreign State has broken off diplomatic relations with United States — The law of the United States of America.

Recognition — Of Governments — Rupture of diplomatic relations — Effect on standing to sue in courts in United States — Effect of breach of diplomatic relations upon sovereign immunity — The law of the United States of America.

Aliens — Treatment of — Bequest to non — resident aliens — Restrictions under state statute on distribution to beneficiaries in countries where benefit or use of funds doubtful — Appointment of administrator by alien beneficiaries — Appointment made in country not recognized by United States — Status of Lithuania — The law of the United States of America.

State territory — Acquisition of territorial sovereignty — Annexation — Recognition of — Non-recognition by United States of America of annexation of Lithuania by Soviet Union — Appointment of administrator of estate made in Lithuania by heirs Effect of power of attorney made in Lithuania — The law of the United States of America.

State territory — International leases and grants in perpetuity United States — Philippines Agreement on Military Bases, 1947 — Claim against United States for tort occurring on base — Whether claim arises in a "foreign country" — The law of the United States of America.

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of Executive — Proof of location of land boundary — Armistice demarcation line between Israel and Egypt — The law of Israel.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — In general — Criminal act performed partly within and partly without the territory — The law of Israel.

State territory — Parts of — Boundaries — Land boundaries — Armistice demarcation line between Israel and Egypt — Proof of location of land boundary — Certificate of Executive — The law of Israel.

State Territory — Acquisition of territorial sovereignty — Cession Acquisition by United States of Guam from Spain by Treaty of Paris, 1898 — Acquisition including marginal belt of sea.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over ports and national waters Executive Order of President reserving territorial waters surrounding Guam as naval defence area and prohibiting entrance by unauthorized persons — Status of Guam — The law of the United States of America.

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Executive order of President reserving territorial waters around Guam as naval defence area and prohibiting entrance by unauthorized persons — Violation as a crime — Effect upon order of Organic Act of Guam — Status of Guam — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over national waters — Applicability of federal or state law to accident occurring five nautical miles off the Louisiana shore — The law of the United States of America.

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in maritime belt — Extent of territorial jurisdiction of state of United States of America — Application of state statute to accident occurring beyond three-mile limit — Federal Death on the High Seas Act — The law of the United States of America.

States as international persons — Composite States — Federal States — Foreign relations of — Position of component states — Power of such states to impose taxation discriminating between foreign nations — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Double taxation treaties — Application to ad valorem taxes on movables — Taxation of aircraft registered in one contracting State with home port in that State operating in international commerce — Tax imposed by state statute in federal State — Supremacy of federal treaty over state law — Double Taxation Conventions between United States and Sweden, Denmark and Norway — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over property — Taxation — State personal property tax — Application on apportionment basis to foreign registered aircraft — Aircraft foreign — owned and operating in international commerce — Whether tax valid — Whether tax in violation of Treaties to avoid double taxation between United States and Sweden, Denmark and Norway — The law of the United States of America.