This chapter traces the gradual unwinding of the Notitia system in response to the shifting strategic needs of the east Roman empire. Anastasius began the process by deploying the praesental armies to the east, first against the Isaurians and then against the Persians, but it was Justinian who fully dismantled them. Beginning with his creation of a new military command for Armenia and continuing through the establishment of a standing field army for North Africa and Italy, Justinain cannibalized the praesental armies and dispersed the striking power of the armies of Oriens, Thrace, and Illyricum. The consequences of Justinian’s decisions were keenly felt by his successors who struggled to defend the empire against escalating threats in the Balkans and the east. By the time Herakleios came to the throne, the Romans could barely muster three field armies, those for Thrace, Armenia, and Oriens, and it was these depleted armies that Herakleios used to defeat Persia and lay the basis for the thematic armies of Byzantium.

This chapter provides an overview of slavery as practiced in the Iberian Peninsula over the course of the medieval period, from the era of the Visigoths up until the era of the Catholic Kings, and in both Muslim and Christian-controlled territories. While traditionally scholars have paid attention to medieval Iberian slavery almost exclusively for the purposes of exploring how it laid the groundwork for the Atlantic-World slave system, this chapter argues that the study of slavery in this particular time and place merits scholarly interest for a wealth of other reasons, in particular, it illuminates how gender and the law had a profound impact on both the experiences and trajectories of the enslaved.