The Earth rotation rate and consequently universal time (UT1) and length of day (LOD) are periodically affected by solid Earth tides and oceanic tides. Solid Earth tides induce changes with periods from around 5 days to 18.6 years, with the largest amplitudes occurring at fortnightly, monthly, semi-annual and annual periods, and at 18.6 years. The principal variations caused by oceanic tides have diurnal and semi-diurnal periods. For the investigation of the tidal effects with periods of up to 35 days, UT1 series are estimated from VLBI observation data of the time interval 1984–2008. The amplitudes and phases of the terms of interest are calculated and the results for diurnal and sub-diurnal periods are compared and evaluated with tidal variations derived from a GNSS-based LOD time series of 8 months. The observed tidal signals are finally compared to the predicted tidal variations according to recent geophysical models.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is the only space geodetic technique which is capable of estimating the Earth's phase of rotation, expressed as Universal Time UT1, over time scales of a few days or longer. Satellite-observing techniques like the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are suffering from the fact that Earth rotation is indistinguishable from a rotation of the satellite orbit nodes, which requires the imposition of special procedures to extract UT1 or length of day information. Whereas 24 hour VLBI network sessions are carried out at about three days per week, the hour-long one-baseline intensive sessions (‘Intensives’) are observed from Monday to Friday (INT1) on the baseline Wettzell (Germany) to Kokee Park (Hawaii, U.S.A.), and from Saturday to Sunday on the baseline Tsukuba (Japan) to Wettzell (INT2). Additionally, INT3 sessions are carried out on Mondays between Wettzell, Tsukuba, and Ny-Alesund (Norway), and ultra-rapid e-Intensives between E! urope and Japan also include the baseline Metsähovi (Finland) to Kashima (Japan). The Intensives have been set up to determine daily estimates of UT1 and to be used for UT1 predictions. Because of the short duration and the limited number of stations the observations can nowadays be e-transferred to the correlators, or to a node close to the correlator, and the estimates of UT1 are available shortly after the last observation thus allowing the results to be used for prediction purposes.