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3 results

  • 13 - Tonal Processes Defined as Articulatory-based Contextual Tonal Variation

  • from Part Three - Phonetic-phonological Issues in Chinese
  • Edited by Chu-Ren Huang, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Yen-Hwei Lin, Michigan State University, I-Hsuan Chen, University of California, Berkeley, Yu-Yin Hsu, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Chinese Linguistics
    Published online:
    04 August 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022, pp 275-290

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews studies on contextual tonal variation in Chinese languages, often referred to as ‘tonal coarticulation’ in the literature. We start by explaining why the term ‘contextual variation’ is preferred to ‘coarticulation’ for tones, before introducing different types of contextual variation observed in Chinese languages. The following processes are covered: assimilatory vs. dissimilatory carryover effects, anticipatory effects, microprosodic effects, and pre-planning effects. Next, three debated issues in Chinese linguistics related to contextual variation are discussed. First, are dynamic tones (e.g., rise, fall) underlyingly dynamic or made up of sequences of static tones (e.g., Low-High)? Second, are tones hosted in the rhyme or across an entire syllable? Third, does the Mandarin neutral tone have an underlying target or is it unspecified? Different views on these issues are presented with suggestions on how some of them may be tested and falsified.

  • Blue light-induced immunosuppression in Bactrocera dorsalis adults, as a carryover effect of larval exposure

  • K. Tariq, M. Noor, M. Hori, A. Ali, A. Hussain, W. Peng, C.-J. Chang, H. Zhang
  • Journal:
    Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 107 / Issue 6 / December 2017
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 May 2017, pp. 734-741

  • Detrimental effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on living organisms are well understood, little is known about the effects of blue light irradiation. Although a recent study revealed that blue light caused more harmful effects on insects than UV light and blue light irradiation killed insect pests of various orders including Diptera, the effects of blue light on physiology of insects are still largely unknown. Here we studied the effects of blue light irradiation on cuticular melanin in larval and the immune response in adult stage of Bactrocera dorsalis. We also evaluated the effects of blue light exposure in larval stage on various age and mass at metamorphosis and the mediatory role of cuticular melanin in carryover effects of larval stressors across metamorphosis. We found that larvae exposed to blue light decreased melanin contents in their exoskeleton with smaller mass and delayed metamorphosis than insects reared without blue light exposure. Across metamorphosis, lower melanotic encapsulation response and higher susceptibility to Beauveria bassiana was detected in adults that had been exposed to blue light at their larval stage, thereby constituting the first evidence that blue light impaired adult immune function in B. dorsalis as a carryover effect of larval exposure.

  • 22 - Acute Ischemic Stroke

  • from Section 6
  • Edited by Bernard Ravina, Jeffrey Cummings, Michael McDermott, R. Michael Poole
  • Book:
    Clinical Trials in Neurology
    Published online:
    05 May 2012
    Print publication:
    12 April 2012, pp 242-256

  • Summary

    This chapter describes crossover trials and their applications in neurology. Crossover trials could be used to study aspects of many common neurological disorders and psychiatric disorders. To illustrate the efficiency of crossover designs, the chapter presents sample size estimates for two placebo-controlled parallel and one crossover design for a trial examining the efficiency of donepezil in treating dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. It also describes approaches to mitigate carryover effects. Alternatives to the 2 x 2 design are used to increase efficiency, provide unbiased estimates in the presence of carryover effects, and to compare more than two treatments. This chapter reviews response adaptive designs, matching and N of 1 trial along with several recent innovations in design. Simple carryover depends only on the treatment in the period prior to when carryover occurs. Crossover trials have logistical challenges beyond the careful planning and implementation that accompanies any successful clinical trial.