Although many Fertility Centers have adopted day 5 or 6 embryo transfer policy, yet, 30% of embryo transfers in the US are performed on day 3. This is mainly due to concerns related to longer embryo culture effect and higher rates of embryo transfer cancellation on day 5, with no effect on cumulative pregnancy rate. We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing individual embryo transfer order rank, best embryo for fresh transfer and intention to freeze, of day-3 and day-5 embryos based on their morphology score. Day-3 embryos of each patient were ranked by embryologists for the order of transfer and intention to freeze, based on morphological score, blinded to actual blastulation outcome. The corresponding blastocysts were similarly ranked for the order of transfer and vitrification intention. Ranking was compared to test the predictive value of day-3 morphological assessment. Sixty patients with 784 day-3 embryos were included. There was only a moderate positive significant correlation between ranks on day-3 and ranks on day-5 [r = 0.662 95% CI (0.611–0.706, p < 0.001)]. Only 25% of the best embryos for transfer on day 3 (rank = 1) were chosen for fresh transfer on day 5. A total of 441 embryos were intended to be frozen on day 3. Of those, 201 were not transferred nor vitrified on day 5–6 (45%), 3.35 embryos per patient. No significant difference was found between average day-3 rank of embryos ranked 1, 2 (3.12 vs 4.12, p = 0.074) and 3 (3.12 vs 4.08, p = 0.082) on day-5–6. To conclude, this study brings a different perspective to the comparison of day 3 and day 5 by following each embryo’s putative and actual designation. Day-3 ranking of embryo morphology did not provide a reliable prediction for blastocyst formation, transfer order and vitrification intention, and may support transfer or cryopreservation of blastocysts over cleavage stage embryos.

The aim was to explore whether the time-lapse imaging system can help day-3 single cleavage embryo transfer to obtain comparative clinical outcomes to day-4 or 5. The data of 1237 patients who underwent single embryo transfer from January 1, 2018, to September 30, 2020, in our reproductive medicine centre were retrospectively analysed. They were divided into the day-3 single cleavage-stage embryo transfer (SCT) group (n = 357), day-4 single morula transfer (SMT) group (n = 129) and day-5 single blastocyst transfer (SBT) group (n = 751) according to the different embryo transfer stage. The clinical and perinatal outcomes of the three groups were analysed and compared. The clinical pregnancy rates of the patients in the day-3 SCT group, day-4 SMT group and day-5 SBT group were 68.07, 70.54 and 72.04%, respectively. The live birth rates were 56.86, 61.24 and 60.99%, respectively. The monozygotic twin (MZT) rate in the day-3 SCT group was significantly lower than that in the day-5 SBT group (P = 0.049). Regarding perinatal outcomes, only the secondary sex ratio had a significant difference (P < 0.05). After age stratification, no improvement was found in the pregnancy outcomes of patients >35 years of age receiving blastocyst transfer. Our findings suggest that for patients with multiple high-quality embryos on day-3, prolonging the culture time can improve the pregnancy outcome to some extent, but it will bring risks. For centres that have established morphodynamic models, day-3 SCT can also achieve an ideal pregnancy outcome and reduce the rate of monozygotic twins and sex ratio.

The cleavage of two single-crystal chlorites (a clinochlore and a penninite) has been studied using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Both minerals cleaved in regions not typical of the bulk; the composition of the clinochlore was found to be especially non-uniform. The brucitic interlayer divided evenly between the pair of new surfaces exposed for two cleaves in the clinochlore, but was partitioned unequally in two cleaves in the penninite. The differences in apparent composition between the complementary pairs of surfaces are interpreted to show a marked preference of octahedral Al for the brucitic layer, in agreement with X-ray bulk structure refinements. For both chlorites, the layer charge was reduced in regions of easy cleavage, which also had a higher proportion of Si and less tetrahedral Al than the bulk chlorite. The percentages of tetrahedral aluminium deduced from the XPS surface analyses agreed satisfactorily with the percentages independently determined by consideration of the magnitude of anisotropy in the X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) patterns. The XPD patterns from the clinochlore for rotation about axes parallel and antiparallel to the crystallographic a-axis were identical, showing that tetrahedral ordering was absent.

This article proposes a measure of the social structuration of political parties. The measure has some distinctive virtues. It assesses the social bases of partisanship from the standpoint of the political party, and it provides a simple and transparent method for assessing the relative weight of social-structural and behavioral factors for party composition. We illustrate the power of this measure through a comparison of political parties in 30 European countries since 1975.

This article studies the persistent effects of past agrarian inequality on contemporary voting preferences. Although Western European countries became industrial (and later post-industrial) economies, the political effects of the agrarian cleavage are still visible in those countries in which the agrarian issue was dominant in the interwar period (the industrial laggards). Looking at the spatial variation in voting patterns in the fifteen elections held in Spain since 1977, we show through mediation analysis that areas with high historical agrarian inequality have higher levels of leftist vote. We examine two transmission channels: one economic (related to backwardness); the other political (related to family transmission of political allegiances). A survey analysis provides evidence in favour of family transmission. A brief exploration of other cases confirms the general argument: a similar effect is found in Italy (an industrial laggard), but not in England (an early industrializer).

Inspired by Lipset and Rokkan, the field of political science has primarily focused on party oppositions as a derivative of historically anchored conflicts among social groups. Yet parties are not mere social mirrors; they are also active interpreters of social context. In a globalized era they deploy conflicting frames on how solidarity may be preserved, as recent work on populist welfare chauvinism shows. However, the role of party political agency in framing solidarity lacks an overarching framework. This article therefore proposes a Durkheimian model that takes the integrative pole of the conflict–integration dialectic seriously and distinguishes among group-based, compassionate, exchange-based and empathic frames. The authors test this solidarity framework in Flanders (Belgium) – a good case study due to its fragmented party system and increasing economic and cultural openness. The content analyses of party manifestos presented here suggest that a solidarity-based deductive approach to studying partisan competition is relevant because partisan differentiation along solidarity lines is growing; this evolution converges with similar inductive expert-based and issue-based findings.

There is no information about the characteristics of early cleavage in the Patagonian blennie (Eleginops maclovinus), which can be used as a diagnostic tool for embryo quality. The purpose of this investigation, therefore, was to characterize the first blastomeres of E. maclovinus morphologically. Of a ‘pool’ of incubated eggs at 10.7 ± 0.5°C, 100 microphotographs of blastodiscs were extracted at different incubation periods from 0.25 to 5 h after fertilization and analyzed. Blastodiscs taken at 3.5, 4.0 and 5.0 h were characterized and classified into symmetric or asymmetric groups according to their morphology. The proportions of length (L) and width (W) of each blastomere were determined to establish its symmetry. Additionally, 20 microphotographs of blastodiscs of normal appearance were analyzed morphologically (control blastodisc: CB) and compared other blastodiscs (4.0 and 5.0 h). The results showed that before fertilization oocytes presented a somehow turgid aspect (maximum average diameter of 987 ± 41 µm) and after fertilization and hydration, their diameter increased to 1001.5 ± 11 µm (but not statistically significant) and presented a spherical shape. First cleavage ends after 3.5 h of development, forming two blastomeres 467 ± 45 μm length (L) and 328 ± 21 μm width (W) with a L/W ratio of 1.43 ± 0.19. The second cleavage ends after development at 4.5 h forming four blastomeres 238 ± 65 μm length and 227 ± 65 μm width with a ratio L/W of 1.06 ± 0.09. Five categories were identified during the blastomere characterization: 70% normal or symmetric; 8% with odd numbers of blastomeres; 6% unequal; 6% ‘pie shaped’ and 10% amorphous.

Metamorphic grade, palaeothermal history and the influence of tectonic strain on clay minerals and organic matter transformation were studied in the eastern part of the Teplá-Barrandian unit in the Czech Republic. The metamorphic grade of pelitic sediments ranges from the lower anchizone (IC ~0.30–0.36Δº2θ) to the lowermost epizone (IC ~0.24–0.26Δº2θ). Increase in metamorphic grade is paralleled by the development of anastomosing cleavage and lenticular quartz grains in the anchizone which give way to slaty cleavage and dynamically recrystallized ribbon quartz grains in the lower epizone. White mica in highly strained rocks generally has greater IC values whereas chlorite displays reduced values in deformed and cleaved samples. The organic matter dispersed in the sediments represents a complex assemblage of highly matured particles of uncertain origin, pyrobitumen and ‘transitional matter’. The reflectance of organic fragments generally varies from 3.1% to 7.7% of Rmax which suggests anthracite to meta-anthracite rank progrades to semigraphite in higher-grade samples, although the overall link between Rmax and IC values is weak, if present at all. Newly formed shear-induced graphite appears abruptly near the anchizone-epizone boundary and correlates with the onset of plastic deformation and dynamic recrystallization of quartz grains in the host sediments.

Maximum metamorphic temperatures within the Neoproterozoic sequence in the range of 250–350ºC were attained during the Cadomian (Pan-African) orogeny at 540–550 Ma. Apatite fission-track analysis reveals a subsequent decrease in rock temperature over the period 340–350 Ma that persisted throughout the late Palaeozoic. The most recent episode of accelerated cooling occurred between 20 and 40 Ma, corresponding with the regional uplift of the Bohemian Massif due to the Alpine orogeny.

Basal cleavage faces of apophyllite crystals were etched in the base etchant (dil HF) containing different concentrations of ammonium fluoride as a poisoning salt. At low concentrations, square pyramidal pits formed with their sides parallel to the <100> direction. At higher concentrations, pits with their sides parallel to the <100> direction were formed. The lateral growth of a pit is dependent on pH value of the etching solution. Activation energy for dissolution at a pit (active site) was found to decrease with increasing concentration of poison in the base etchant. The change in orientation of the pit is attributed to adsorption of aqueous complexes having different chemical constitutions which have different directional adsorption sites in apophyllite.

Competent oocyte selection remains a bottleneck in the in vitro production (IVP) of mammalian embryos. Among the vital assays described for selecting competent oocytes for IVP, the brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) test has shown consistent results. The aim of the first experiment was to observe if oocytes directly submitted to IVM show similar cleavage and blastocyst rates as those obtained with oocytes maintained under the same in vitro conditions as the oocytes that undergo the BCB test. Bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were recovered from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries and, after morphological evaluation, were randomised grouped into three groups: (1) directly submitted to IVM; (2) oocytes submitted to the BCB test without the addition of BCB stain (BCB control group); and (3) submitted to the BCB test. The results showed that oocytes directly submitted to IVM reached similar cleavage (48/80 – 60%) and embryonic development rates to the blastocyst stage (10/48 – 21%) as the results obtained with the BCB control group oocytes (45/77 – 58% and 08/45 – 18%, respectively). The aim of the second experiment was to determine the cleavage and blastocyst rates obtained from BCB+ oocytes undergoing IVM in the presence of BCB– oocytes at a ratio of 10:1. COCs were recovered from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries and, after morphological evaluation, were randomised into two groups that were submitted to IVM either directly (1: control group) or submitted to the BCB test prior to IVM. After the BCB test, the COCs were classified as either BCB+ (blue cytoplasm) or BCB– (colourless cytoplasm) and then divided into four experimental groups: (2) BCB+; (3) BCB–; and (4) BCB+ matured in same IVM medium drop as (5) BCB– at a ratio of 10:1. After IVM (24 h), oocytes from the different experimental groups were submitted to in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC) under the same culture conditions until they reached the blastocyst stage (D7). With regards to the cleavage rate (48 h after IVF), only group 3 (102/229 – 44%) differed (P < 0.05) from the other groups [1 (145/241 – 60%); 2 (150/225 – 67%); 4 (201/318 – 63%) and 5 (21/33 – 63%)]. On day 7, the embryos from group 2 (BCB+) achieved the highest blastocyst rate (46/150 – 31%) (P < 0.05) when compared with the embryo development capacity of the other experimental groups (1: 31/145 – 21%; group 3: 17/102 – 17%; group 4: 46/201 – 23%; and group 5: 2/21 – 10%). In conclusion, submitting BCB+ oocytes that were separated from BCB– oocytes to IVM increases the rate of embryonic development to the blastocyst stage when compared to the control group, BCB– oocyte group, BCB+ paracrine group and BCB– paracrine group. The presence of non-competent oocytes during IVM, even in low proportion (1:10), reduces the capacity of competent oocytes to undergo embryo development and achieve blastocyst stage during IVC.

The order Caudata includes about 660 species and displays a variety of important developmental traits such as cleavage pattern and egg size. However, the cleavage process of tailed amphibians has never been analyzed within a phylogenetic framework. We use published data on the embryos of 36 species concerning the character of the third cleavage furrow (latitudinal, longitudinal or variable) and the magnitude of synchronous cleavage period (up to 3–4 synchronous cell divisions in the animal hemisphere or a considerably longer series of synchronous divisions followed by midblastula transition). Several species from basal caudate families Cryptobranchidae (Andrias davidianus and Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) and Hynobiidae (Onychodactylus japonicus) as well as several representatives from derived families Plethodontidae (Desmognathus fuscus and Ensatina eschscholtzii) and Proteidae (Necturus maculosus) are characterized by longitudinal furrows of the third cleavage and the loss of synchrony as early as the 8-cell stage. By contrast, many representatives of derived families Ambystomatidae and Salamandridae have latitudinal furrows of the third cleavage and extensive period of synchronous divisions. Our analysis of these ontogenetic characters mapped onto a phylogenetic tree shows that the cleavage pattern of large, yolky eggs with short series of synchronous divisions is an ancestral trait for the tailed amphibians, while the data on the orientation of third cleavage furrows seem to be ambiguous with respect to phylogeny. Nevertheless, the midblastula transition, which is characteristic of the model species Ambystoma mexicanum (Caudata) and Xenopus laevis (Anura), might have evolved convergently in these two amphibian orders.

The Palaeozoic rocks of the Dingle Peninsula provide a record of the evolution of the Caledonides, Acadides and Variscides. The succession ranges from Early Ordovician deep-water sediments, through Silurian shallow marine to non-marine sediments and volcanic rocks to an Old Red Sandstone (ORS) succession topped by Carboniferous marine shales. Comparison of structural styles in the unconformity-bounded groups, together with a detailed analysis of fault zones, allows the tectonic history to be deduced. The older rocks record Caledonian processes on the margin of Avalonia during Early Ordovician time and convergence then soft collision with Laurentia during Silurian time. The Dingle Basin was developed during the late Silurian – Early Devonian transtension in the Iapetus suture zone and was inverted in the latest Emsian Acadian orogenic episode. Post-Dingle Group ORS groups in the north of the peninsula were deposited in a syn-rift footwall block to the main Munster Basin. The Acadian transpressional and Munster Basin extensional structures were reactivated or overprinted in the Variscan deformation such that Acadian folds are transected by Variscan cleavage in both plan and vertical views. After Iapetus closure, changes in the tectonic regime are believed to be a result of adjustments in the geometry of subduction of the Rheic Ocean.

Cleavage fracture anisotropy has been studied on a ferrite-bainite low alloy pipeline steel plate. Mechanical tests have been performed on smooth and notched bars taken along the three principal directions of the plate at temperatures between 20 °C and −196 °C, and analyzed by finite element calculations with an anisotropic plasticity model. The fracture mode of specimens tested along the normal direction differs from that of specimens taken along the two other directions, together with a lower critical cleavage stress. This difference seems to be related to microtexture anisotropy and might explain the sensitivity of this steel to delamination at low temperatures.

The tectonothermal evolution of a unit in the foreland fold-and-thrust belt of the Iberian massif is established using the conodont colour alteration index (CAI). The unit consists of two parts with different tectonothermal histories – the Esla nappe region and the Valsurbio region – separated by a synorogenic Carboniferous basin (Guardo–Valderrueda basin). The Esla nappe region evolved in diacaizonal conditions (corresponding to the diagenetic conditions of the pelites) whose palaeotemperatures were controlled by rock burial. Maximum values were reached before the emplacement of the thrust nappes, so tectonic superimposition is not registered by the CAI. Overburial due to the emplacement of the thrust units was prevented by simultaneous intense erosion. The geothermal gradient obtained for burial was c. 35 °C km−1 and the temperature reached by the older Cambrian rocks was c. 210–230 °C. The Valsurbio region was affected by an extensional tectonothermal post-orogenic event that gave rise to metamorphism with ancaizonal or epicaizonal conditions (corresponding to anchizone or epizone of the pelites). The most common maximum palaeotemperatures reached in this event fall within the range 305–415 °C, although higher palaeotemperatures could be reached locally as a consequence of contact metamorphism. This event gave rise to subhorizontal cleavage that cuts the main Variscan folds. Coal rank data indicate an increase in maximum palaeotemperatures eastwards from the Esla nappe region to the Valsurbio region through the Guardo–Valderrueda basin.

The two decades of Montenegro's transition that followed the disintegration of Yugoslavia were marked by the transformation of the ambitions of the ruling political elites, which pushed the republic that once sought to be a member in a federal state towards independence. The shift in the agendas of the political elites also changed the meaning of the notions of “Montenegrin” and “Serb”. Hence, this paper looks at the cleavages that emerged during Montenegro's divide over statehood and identity. It asserts that elite competition in unconsolidated states prompts the emergence of ethno-cultural cleavages, which are necessary for establishing the identities of political elites and of their followers. The study first identifies the critical junctures for the emergence of functional and structural cleavages in Montenegro and associates these cleavages with the changing political context. It proceeds with an analysis of ethno-cultural cleavages, arguing that these emerged from the politicization of historical narratives. The study concludes by arguing that different types of cleavages supported the division over statehood and identity, and that as a result of the changes in identity in Montenegro, the political reinforcement of overlapping cleavages was essential in order to cement the ethno-cultural identities of the two camps.

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of sperm mitochondrial destruction on sperm head decondensation, male pronuclear formation, cleavage and embryonic development. In the study two models were used:heterologous (hamster ICSI assay: human sperm injected into a hamster oocyte) for evaluation of sperm head decondensation and pronuclear formation, and homologous (mouse model) for the study of fertilisation and development. Destruction of mitochondria of the sperm was achieved by exposure to cyanide, a respiratory poison. Rhodamine 123 was used to evaluate the functional integrity of mitochondria. Sperm head decondensation was found to be not statistically significantly affected by mitochondrial damage (p = 0.8), with 62.8% and 67.9% condensa tion in the experimental and control groups respectively. Male pronucleus formation was seen in 40.2% and 44.4% of the injected oocytes in the experimental and control groups respectively. In the mouse experiments 45.5% and 49.7% of the injected oocytes were fertilised in the mitochondria-damaged and live-intact sperm groups respectively(p = 0.53)Development to blastocyst was achieved in 53.5% and 59.4% of the experimental and control groups respectively; the difference was not significant (p = 0.71). Inner cell mass (ICM) cell number were 15.7 ± 4.02 and 43.1 ± 11.3 respectively in the mitochondria damaged group; the equivalent numbers were 14.12±4.12 and 39.3 ± 12.6 in the control group. However, the differences in ICM and total cell counts between these two groups were not significant. Of the blastocysts transferred to pseudopregnant mice, 51.3% (20/36) implanted and 33.4% (12/36) developed to live fetuses in the mitochondria-damaged group. These rates were 60.5% (23/38) and 39.5% (15/38) in the control group. In conclusion, this study shows that functional integrity of thesperm mitochondria is not necessary in the process of fertilisation and development when the sperm is deposited into the ooplasm. Fertilisation and development can be achieved by injection of sperm at the very early stage of necrosis in which only the mitochondria have been destroyed and the rest of the cell including the plasma membrane is still intact.

A study was conducted to evaluate the ability of mammalian oocytes to develop to the pronuclear stage and beyond if injected with freeze-dried sperm nuclei. The rate of development of hamster eggs to the pronuclear stage after microinjection of freeze-dried hamster sperm nuclei was 90%. The pronuclear formation rate of hamster eggs injected with freeze-dried human sperm nuclei was 85%. On the other hand, the rates for eggs injected with untreated sperm nuclei were 84% and 89% respectively. The survival rate of rabbit eggs microinjected with freeze-dried rabbit sperm nuclei was 64%, the fertilisation rate 56% and the cleavage rate 38%. The survival, fertilisation and cleavage rates of eggs injected with non-freeze-dried sperm nuclei were 78%, 45% and 34%, respectively. There was no difference between eggs injected with freeze-dried sperm nuclei and those injected with sperm nuclei that had not been freeze-dried. Of the viable rabbit eggs injected with freeze-dried rabbit sperm nuclei, 6% developed to the 6- to 8-cell stage 62 h after injection.

This study evaluated the effect of three maturation media on the development of in vitro-matured and in vitro-fertilized dog oocytes. In Experiment 1 (non-comparative experiment) canine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in vitro in TCM199 supplemented with estrous cow serum (10%) + gonadotropins + steroid (treatment A), TCM199 + estrous cow serum (10%) (treatment B), or TCM199 + polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (4%) (treatment C). All maturation media contained a final concentration of 1 μg/ml of human somatotropin (hST). Oocytes were fertilized with fresh ejaculated sperm and development was assessed by cleavage. The objective of Experiment 2 (comparative experiment) was to compare the rates of cleavage and developmental capacity of COCs matured in vitro in same medium as in Experiment 1, and fertilized either with fresh ejaculated or with cooled extended homologous spermatozoa. In Experiments 1 and 2, oocytes fertilized with fresh semen were in vitro-matured for 48 h, while in Experiment 2 COCs fertilized with cooled semen were matured in vitro for 72 h. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that cleavage was not influenced by the oocyte's maturation environment. The results of Experiment 1 showed that pronucleus formation + cleavage (day 7 after IVF) was similar among treatments A, B and C (p = 0.277). Also, in Experiment 2, pronucleus formation + cleavage (day 7 after IVF) was not different for oocytes fertilized in vitro either with fresh or cooled semen and maturated in media A (p = 0.190), B (p = 0.393) or C (p = 0.687). In both experiments, the numbers of embryos that developed to the 6–8-cell stage were higher for oocytes matured in medium A and fertilized with fresh semen, when compared with numbers of oocytes matured in media B and C. Embryo development to the 6–8-cell stage of oocytes fertilized either with fresh or cooled sperm was observed in treatments A and C in Experiment 2. Cumulus cell expansion was similar among treatments in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, cumulus cell expansion among treatments A, B and C was similar after 48 h or 72 h of IVM. In both experiments, the greatest expansion category seen was for category 2 (outer cumulus cells slightly expanded). No correlation between cumulus expansion and cleavage were observed. Polyspermy rates in oocytes matured in medium A, and fertilized with fresh sperm were not significantly different from polyspermy rates observed using media B and C, in both experiments. Our findings indicate that treatments A, B and C are similarly effective for the cleavage of dog oocytes. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that canine oocytes matured in vitro could be fertilized by homologous cooled spermatozoa and progress to cleavage.

Analysis of the grain-scale deformation mechanisms in folded rocks of the Dongargarh Supergroup, central India, reveals that deformation was accomplished by a combination of pressure solution, microfracturing and dislocation creep processes. The finite strain was assessed using the Rf/ϕ method (X/Z ≈ 2). Partitioning of strain into various deformation mechanisms revealed that dislocation creep and pressure solution were the major contributors to the finite strain, followed by microfracturing. Analyses of microstructures suggest a sequence of dislocation creep followed by pressure solution and microfracturing, that ultimately gave way to microfracturing and limited crystallization or recrystallization. Overall constancy in volume during deformation is suggested from the balance between fracture-related grain-scale dilatancy and solution-related volume loss. Observations on cleavage spacing within various lithologies in a specific structural setting suggest that lithology played a vital role in cleavage development. Cleavage development in sandstones of the Dongargarh Supergroup required thin shale interbeds (for competency contrast) and grain size <0.036 mm (4.75 ϕ).