This chapter examines efforts to establish new global rules to restrict export subsidies for coal-fired power plants, which are highly polluting and a major contributor to climate change. Government-backed export credit for coal power plants acts as a form of export subsidy, and thus promotes the expansion of such plants abroad. The US spearheaded multilateral negotiations within the context of the OECD Arrangement to prohibit the use of export credit for coal power plants. However, since China is not part of the Arrangement, it was not a participant in the negotiations or bound by the new disciplines created. China’s absence, I argue, weighed heavily over the negotiations and undermined efforts to construct an ambitious agreement. OECD exporters were extremely resistant to agree to restrict their use of export credit when China—the world’s largest supplier of export credit for overseas coal plants, accounting for nearly half of all export credit in this sector—would face no similar restraints on supporting its exports. Without China’s participation, the impact of the resulting agreement is severely limited. This case thus highlights the difficulty of building effective global trade rules today without the participation of China.

Even when most of the public accept climate science and elect climate–sincere politicians, the fossil fuel industry and supporters have many rationalizations to delude politicians and citizens that a certain fossil fuel project is needed and consistent with national or global greenhouse gas reduction commitments. Those who see through these myths must develop “connect–the–dot” techniques to show other citizens how fossil fuel expansion in a given jurisdiction is inconsistent with global and national commitments. Success against expanding global fossil fuel supply depends especially, however, on national efforts to decarbonize electricity, transport, and other sectors that are not trade-exposed. Experts should be helping the public, media, and climate-sincere politicians with exposing the myth that “this fossil fuel project is essential.”