Scholarly treatment of facial recognition technology (FRT) has focussed on human rights impacts with frequent calls for the prohibition of the technology. While acknowledging the potentially detrimental and discriminatory uses that FRT use by the state has, this chapter seeks to advance discussion on what principled regulation of FRT might look like. It should be possible to prohibit or regulate unacceptable usage while retaining less hazardous uses. In this chapter, we reflect on the principled use and regulation of FRT in the public sector, with a focus on Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. The authors draw on their experiences as researchers in this area and on their professional involvement in oversight and regulatory mechanisms in these jurisdictions and elsewhere. Both countries have seen significant growth in the use of FRT, but regulation remains patchwork. In comparison with other jurisdictions, human rights protections, and avenues for individual citizens to complain and seek redress remain insufficient in Australia and New Zealand.

The first element of understanding how to improve the health and well-being of a population relies on a thorough assessment of the needs of the specified population, be it a local population defined by geography, a specific age group or those with certain characteristics. This chapter begins by considering how ‘health need’ can be conceptualized; the distinction between need, demand and supply; and the difference between health needs and the need for health-care. Secondly, the wider determinants of health are introduced and their relation to health needs discussed. Finally, the steps involved in a systematic assessment of the health needs of a defined population are explained, including tools and resources used to achieve this. Practical challenges are considered.

There has been much debate on the origins of prosocial behavior: do humans come into the world ready to help others, or is this something that must be learned? In this chapter, we approach this question by examining evidence on the ontogenetic and phylogenetic roots of prosocial behavior. First, we examine work with young children, focusing on the earliest developing prosocial behaviors of helping, comforting, and sharing. We then complement this developmental evidence with studies on chimpanzees and bonobos to gain insight into which elements of prosocial behavior might be evolutionarily inherited. Taken together, this evidence suggests that humans have a biological predisposition for prosocial behavior that we share with our ape cousins and that human-specific socialization practices build on this foundation throughout the course of development.

The chapter begins with a section on the Egyptian Marxist Louis Awad’s radical modernist poetic project Plutoland from 1947. The chapter engages Awad’s critical intervention to lay out the transnational roots of Arabic poetry from the premodern period to the twentieth century before moving on to address the intricacies of the Arabic prosodic rules he wanted the modernists to break. In the second section, I give technical details about how I represent poetic meters throughout the rest of the book and explain the science of Arabic prosody. Next, the chapter covers critical approaches to modernist poetry in both Arabic and Persian, paying particular attention to the critics’ positions on the possibility of composing politically committed poetry. I then transition into a long section on the history of literary commitment, its philosophical foundations, and the role it played in Arabic and Persian poetic criticism. In a brief conclusion, I suggest a way out of the debates that took shape around literary commitment and offer further details on my balancing of formalist and contextual analytical approaches to the poetry I read in the later chapters.

The early decades of the twentieth century saw the articulation of new approaches to literature in Iran and the Arab world as Arabic and Persian literary modernisms developed out of the Arab nahḍah “renaissance” and the neoclassical Persian bāzgasht movement of “literary return. Modernist poetry in Arabic and Persian, which emerges in many ways on its own and draws on this other, local history, thus stands outside and against a singular understanding of modernism as a European phenomenon and calls us to consider what it might look like if we situate the center of our modernist map in the Middle East. The introduction deploys a range of recent literary theory on modernism, transnationalism, and modernity in the Arab world and Iran to argue for a re-orientation of our perspective and to treat Middle Eastern modernism on its own terms. By relocating our modernist center to an “Eastern” geography, the chapter argues for a new way of looking at modernist poetic developments within the region and across the border between the Arabic- and Persian-speaking worlds. Considering modernism from this relativist perspective shows how Arabic and Persian poetries form a significant modernist geography within the broader movement of modernism.

The chapter lays a roadmap for the Handbook on Shareholder Engagement and Voting. It defines shareholder engagement as shareholders’ involvement with their investee companies, using their shareholder rights and powers, both formal and informal (such as voting rights), to influence corporate affairs inside and outside general meetings of shareholders. The chapter further discusses the Handbook’s overall methodological considerations, that is, a sophisticated functionalist approach, with a combined use of doctrinal and empirical methods. The chapter proceeds to elaborate on the framework of research questions that guide the Handbook’s chapter contributions on 19 jurisdictions around the globe. The framework comprises three groups of questions: general jurisdictional features, legal means of shareholder voting and engagement, as well as shareholder voting and engagement in practice. The chapter concludes with a brief outline of the Handbook’s structure.

The Chapter conceptualizes an analytical framework that can be adopted as a basis for future comparative research on shareholder voting and engagement. The conceptual framework consists of three layers: voting laws, engagement tools, and the eco-system for voting and engagement. The Chapter proceeds to discuss the future role of the shareholders meeting. It suggests that the global reality of the shareholders meeting cannot be readily and categorically reduced to either one of the dichotomic stereotypes: the shareholders meeting as a pro forma or as an emanation of shareholder democracy. Rather, there should therefore be a dynamic approach to the shareholders meeting. The Chapter also discusses the Handbook’s implications for the discourse on shareholder voice and activism, highlighting both the promises and limitations of shareholder activism around the globe. The Chapter concludes with discussions of some avenues for future research in the fast growing field of comparative shareholder voting and engagement.

Visual information is important for many aspects of primate social life, including social learning, social relationships, and mate choice. Analyzing the attentional patterns of primates can provide key insights into the mechanisms underlying social interactions. Historically, primate visual attention was studied using live or videotaped looking-time paradigms, potentially prone to human error and providing only rough measures of attentional preferences. However, the application of advanced non-invasive eye-tracking methods is now gaining traction in nonhuman primates. This technology opens doors for conducting novel comparative social cognition research with greater precision than ever before, and allows us to better explore social cognition within and across species. In this chapter, we provide a brief review of previous studies of visual attention both in the field and the laboratory. We then examine ways that eye tracking has elucidated social cognitive processes in primates, with a focus on a comparative social memory paradigm used in human infants, gorillas, chimpanzees, and capuchins. We conclude by highlighting several fruitful directions for future comparative research.

When George John Romanes published his book Animal Intelligence in 1882, marking for many the beginning of the study of comparative cognition, he devoted chapter 17 to the mental life of “Monkeys, Apes, and Baboons.” His subsequent experiments on the mental powers of zoo chimpanzees would be published in Science (Romanes, 1889) and Nature (Romanes, 1890). Around the turn of the last century, Edward Thorndike of Columbia University and A. J. Kinnaman of Clark University conducted laboratory studies on the intelligence of capuchin and rhesus monkeys, respectively. Thus, from psychology’s earliest days as an experimental science, nonhuman primate cognition was a focus of interest and investigation. Many of the best-known and most influential psychologists in history – names like Watson, Yerkes, Köhler, Harlow, Lashley, Hebb, Premack, Rumbaugh, and countless others – made significant contributions to our understanding of learning and cognition through studies of monkeys and apes. Although the history of cognitive research with nonhuman primates is too long and too rich to be reviewed exhaustively in one chapter, the present introduction will highlight significant research themes and important milestones across the history of primate cognition research. The goal of this review is to show how contemporary comparative cognition research is intricately connected to its history, and how our understanding of primate cognition shows cumulative progress across the last 140 years of inquiry.

Several kinds of relations between events often have distinct complex sentence constructions, in particular those involving degree, causation, factivity (epistemic stance), or a combination of these. Comparative and equative constructions compare degrees of a property predicated of two different referents. The strategy chosen depends on the strategy used for temporal complex sentences, at least for comparative constructions. Conditional constructions express a causal relation (content, epistemic, or speech act), but, unlike causal relations, also express a nonfactive (neutral or negative) epistemic stance toward the events. Past tense constructions are often recruited to express nonfactivity. Concessive constructions presuppose a causal relation that is unexpectedly violated; concessive conditional constructions are the nonfactive counterparts. Strategies use conjunctions recruited from conditionals or expressions of obstinacy, focus marking, and remarkable co-occurrence. Concessive conditionals use a scalar, alternative, or universal strategy to conceptualize the concessive conditional relation. Other relations, such as the comparative conditional, may also be conventionalized.

This chapter provides a high-level comparative overview of how states around the world have regulated hybrid processes (med-arb or arb-med) involving the same neutral. Drawing on a database of national mediation and arbitration laws from 195 jurisdictions, it elicits broad regulatory patterns and seeks to determine whether they can be explained by reference to geographic region, legal tradition or a state’s level of development (measured by income level). The findings show that fewer than half of all jurisdictions surveyed legislate around same neutral hybrid processes. Of those that do, most are concentrated in Africa and Asia. Common law jurisdictions are less likely than civil law jurisdictions to regulate in this space, but when they do, they tend to be more thoughtful and innovative.

Although it is often said that combining mediation and arbitration using the same neutral is widely accepted in Continental European, Latin American, and Eastern Asian cultures, this is only somewhat borne out by national legislation. Assuming lawmaking mirrors culture, the study’s findings lend qualified support only to the idea that Eastern Asian cultures are receptive to same neutral arb-med.