Introduction. The aim of ourstudy was to analyze the effect of various levels of light availabilityin the fruit microenvironment (induced by summer pruning) on somefruit quality traits. Materials and methods. Two levelsof summer pruning were set: removal of either 30% or 60% of thecanopy leaf area. These treatments were compared with the control(unpruned vines). Two canopy layers (upper and lower) were identifiedin each treatment and in the control vines. At harvest, yield percane and per shoot was recorded in the two canopy layers; fruitfresh weight, flesh firmness, total soluble solid content and totaltitratable acidity were measured. Fruit Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)and Total Polyphenols (TPH) were determined at kiwifruit harvestand post-harvest (60 days after storage at 1 °C) in relation totheir position within the canopy (layer) and to the pruning treatmentapplied. Results. Removing 60% of the canopy leaf areainduced higher titratable acidity and flesh firmness of kiwifruitsat harvest; it reduced fruit weight and crop yield, but increasedTAC and TPH compared with kiwifruits of control. Removing 30% leaf areadid not reduce mean fruit weight and crop yield; it increased TACand TPH at harvest by 20%. Post-harvest TAC and TPH evolution didnot differ among treatments. Discussion and conclusion.Pergola-trained kiwifruit vines showed good performances in termsof crop yield and fruit quality when summer pruning reduced the LeafArea Index (LAI) to 3. More intense pruning resulted in a significantincrease in fruit TAC, but reduced fruit weight and crop yield,and delayed softening of pulp.

Introduction. The cultivationof high-value fruit species is a profitable agricultural activityin many tropical countries; however, intensive fruit cultivationmay depend on high amounts of external inputs. The objective ofour study was to quantify and compare the resource use during thecultivation of eight tropical fruit species (Rubus glaucus, Solanum quitoense, Passiflora edulis, Cyphomandra betacea, Physalis peruviana, Ananas comosus, Persea americana and Mangifera indica) commonly cultivated in Colombia.It further aimed to identify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in theselected production systems and to highlight the potential to contributeto climate change mitigation efforts. Materials and methods. Theanalysis was based on data from agricultural databases and applieda life-cycle assessment with energy use and GHG emissions as impact categories.Furthermore, economic indicators were taken into account with theaim of integrating the environmental and economic goals of productionsystems. Results and discussion. Among the eight fruitspecies studied, mango (Mangifera indica) was foundto have the lowest and tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea)the highest emission profile. The variability in resource use amonggrowers of the same species was high, indicating the need to improve managementabilities at the farm level. Mineral fertilizer production was the highestcontributor to GHG emissions. GHG- and energy-efficient managementalternatives would have a high potential to reduce the carbon footprint offruit cultivation.

Introduction. Bacterial canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, is a destructive disease where stone fruit trees are cultivated. The efficacy of nitrogen and calcium fertilization on bacterial canker susceptibility was evaluated in stone fruits. Materials and methods. Field experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of foliar applications of calcium nitrate, and ground fertilization with CAN-17 plus low-biuret urea foliar spray on bacterial susceptibility in ‘Riegel’ peach, ‘French’ prune and ‘Nonpareil’ almond growing in ring nematode-infested and nematicide-fumigated soils. Host susceptibility was evaluated by measuring the length of lesions developed following inoculation with P. syringae pv. syringae. Results and discussion. Foliar applications of Ca(NO3)2 significantly increased leaf nitrogen and bark calcium concentrations in peach trees growing in both fumigated and nonfumigated areas. Peach trees growing in nonfumigated areas developed significantly longer lesions than trees growing in fumigated areas. However, Ca(NO3)2 foliar applications had no effect in decreasing peach susceptibility to bacterial infection in both nonfumigated and fumigated areas. After inoculation, diseased prune trees developed significantly longer lesions than healthy trees. Leaf and bark calcium concentrations of diseased prune were significantly increased after Ca(NO3)2 foliar sprays, but again the treatments did not significantly affect prune susceptibility to bacterial infection. However, nitrogen fertilization with CAN-17 and urea significantly increased the bark nitrogen concentration of almond trees, and these trees had significantly smaller lesions than those not receiving nitrogen fertilization. Foliar application of calcium (Nutri-Cal) did not affect almond susceptibility to bacterial canker. Collectively, these data support the previous hypothesis that increased susceptibility of stone fruits to P. syringae pv. syringae under nematode infestation conditions is mediated by both nitrogen effects and nitrogen-independent effects, and application of ammonium nitrogen may have some beneficial effects in reducing stone fruit susceptibility to bacterial canker where ring nematode infestation prevails.

Introduction. Small-scale bananaproducers in Tanzania are facing constraints caused by the destructiveactivities of the banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar).Many currently used methods of addressing the problem are ineffective ortoo expensive for local farmers to implement. Materials and methods.A combination of two integrated pest management (IPM) tools (regulartrapping in combination with field sanitation) was tested at twofarmer-managed sites (Bujela and Kyimo) and one researcher-managedsite (SUA-Morogoro). Treated areas were surrounded by untreatedcontrol areas where no trapping and limited sanitation was done.Changes in population densities were estimated by the mark-recaptureprocedure and the Lincoln index. Results and discussion. Aftereight months, weevil populations in the cleaned and trapped areashad been reduced by 33% (Bujela), 33% (Kyimo) and 74% (SUA). Thechange in population sizes in the control areas differed greatly,possibly due to discrepancies in field management between farmers’ andresearchers’ practice. Trap types, areas and sites affected thenumber of weevils captured. Disc-on-stump (DOS) traps captured moreweevils than corm disc (CD) and pseudostem (PS) traps. Weevils respondedmore strongly to traps in the clean area at SUA compared with theother two sites, probably because the more rigid sanitation practicesat SUA meant that volatiles from the traps were less likely to bemasked by volatiles from surrounding residues. Conclusion.Regular trapping with field sanitation can greatly reduce populationsof banana weevils, but strict adherence to method execution is requiredin order to gain favourable results.

Introduction. The aim of ourresearch was to optimize the number of young mango (Mangiferaindica L. cv. ‘Arumanis’) fruits that could be maintainedper panicle and to improve the criteria for the selection of fruitto be maintained in loco to allow a high yieldto be achieved. Materials and methods. The factors investigatedwere the number of young fruits maintained per panicle (either 2,4 or 6), while the criteria of young fruits to be maintained were:the number of biggest fruit, fruits attached at the base of thepanicle, and fruits distributed evenly from the base to the topof the panicle. Results. Our study shows that maintainingsix young fruits per panicle gave the highest weight of harvestedmango fruits per plant (33 kg) and the lowest weight per fruit (466 g).Maintaining the biggest mango fruit on the panicle resulted in thehighest weight per fruit (496 g). Conclusion. Increasingthe number of young fruits maintained per panicle from 2 to 6 linearlyincreased the weight of fruits per plant, although it decreasedthe weight per fruit linearly.

Introduction. Du fait des conditionstropicales humides, le contrôle des adventices est un poste importantet permanent dans les dépenses d’un producteur de fruits aux Antilles.La pratique du désherbage chimique est à ce jour la plus économique,mais l’utilisation récurrente d’herbicides dans les vergers de laMartinique conduit à une érosion des sols et à une pollution des eaux.Pour pallier l’usage d’herbicides, nous avons testé l’associationde volailles à un verger productif afin d’en contrôler l’enherbement. Matériel et méthodes. Le dispositif a été installé surune parcelle de 700 m2 subdivisée en sept placettes de 100 m2. Deux placettes ont constitué les traitements témoins ;elles ont été fauchées à la débroussailleuse. Chacune des cinq autresplacettes a été soumise au pâturage de 5 oies pendant une semaine, puisau pâturage de 20 poulets pendant la semaine suivante, puis laisséesans volailles pendant trois autres semaines. Trois cycles de tellesrotations ont été observés. La production de biomasse par groupebotanique (poacées, cypéracées et autres) dans les placettes expérimentales aété mesurée chaque semaine pendant les trois cycles (4 mois). Unefois par mois l’indice de recouvrement par groupe botanique a étérelevé. Résultats. La biomasse totale de la strateherbacée a diminué sur les placettes pâturées, ce qui a permis lecontrôle biologique des adventices pendant quatre mois. La diversitéfloristique a diminué à cause de la sélection opérée par les volailles pourleur alimentation et le couvert s’est homogénéisé par l’augmentationdu pourcentage de la biomasse des cypéracées dans la biomasse totale.Cette famille peu appétible pour les volailles s’est ainsi étenduesur toutes les placettes pâturées. Discussion. Le pâturagedes volailles, des oies en particulier, s’est révélé être une méthodeefficace pour la maîtrise de l’enherbement en verger. Cependant, dansle cas d’une forte proportion d’espèces non appétibles dans la strateherbacée, d’autres méthodes de désherbage devront être combinées.L’installation d’une couverture herbacée composée d’un mélange deplantes de couverture adaptées à l’association verger et volaillesainsi qu’une meilleure gestion de la rotation des animaux devrontêtre envisagées pour optimiser cette technique.

Black persimmon in the literature.The persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) is a deciduousfruit tree originating in China. One type consisting of a groupof similar cultivars is the black persimmon, which is a preciousgermplasm resource of China. Black persimmon is mainly distributedin the south of the Taihang Mountains in northern China. Black persimmonis astringent, though this astringency can now be removed easilyvia normal maturity of the fruit. The skin of the fruit is blackand the flesh has abundant nutritional value, with vitamin C andcarotene. Information given by a black persimmon orchard.A trial on black persimmon was carried out from 2003 to 2009 inZhengzhou, Henan province, China. Plant growth, yields and phenologicalcharacteristics were studied. The fruit has a thick skin which assistsin storage and transportation; it has excellent flavor and quality,making the fruit highly valued by producers, marketers and consumers. Key cultivation techniques. Practices to achieve highquality are reviewed such as the proper plant environment, tree plantingand pruning, the soil management, the wintering and protection ofyoung trees, and pest control.

Introduction. Farm typologies and cropping practice typologies generally aim at seeking determinants of existing crop management strategies. They constitute the first step for setting improvement goals for cropping systems. Though there are a host of farm typology methods, few deal specifically with farmers’ practices, and even fewer investigate the correlations between practices. We propose here a framework for analysing the determinants of crop management, based on a vision of a crop management sequence condensed into logical combinations of cropping techniques. Materials and methods. This analytical framework was applied to the case of Guadeloupian citrus production, using a representative sample of 41 producers. Three stages were necessary to implement our analytical framework. At stage 1, logical and ordered combinations of cropping practices (CCPs), constitutive of observed as well as reference crop managements (RCMs), were identified through expert analysis. Based on measurements of deviations between farmers’ CCPs and RCMs’ CCPs, a typology of cropping practices was next built. At stage 2, the performances of farmers’ crop managements were evaluated using relevant indicators. Finally, at stage 3, constraints – either related to the environment or to the whole farm management – that determined producers’ cropping practices were identified for making, with the stakeholders, proposals for further technical improvements. Results. Crop management sequences were condensed into five CCPs. A technical profile was then determined for every producer, before a multiple correspondence factorial analysis was run. It identified two groups of producers with contrasting technical profiles. The collective analysis of these results pointed out “weed management” as a major constraint on the cropping systems, revealing that the RCM was inadequate in a context of impossible mechanisation. Discussion. Restructuring complex sequences of cropping techniques into five logical combinations of techniques enabled the comparison with a reference crop management. The cropping systems’ constraints and the objectives for further improvements were then set up collectively by the farmers and social stakeholders, along with the researchers. This analysis constitutes the first stage of a process of redesigning cropping systems, and its result provides a sound basis for a participatory approach

Introduction. In the French West Indies, farmers generally consider that periodical soil tillage is necessary to increase soil porosity and maintain high yield. However, in the non-tilled perennial banana plantations of the highlands, the soil exhibits better physical and biological properties than in the conventional banana plantations. To determine if tillage before banana planting is necessary for proper banana crop functioning and to assess the effect of tillage on soil quality, banana planting after conventional tillage was compared with no-till banana planting on crop residue mulch on an experimental plot. Materials and methods. Soil quality was assessed through indicators such as porosity, organic status, microbial biomass and structure of nematode communities. Crop functioning was assessed through plant growth, root distribution, and soil water and nitrogen availability. Results. We found that tillage reduced soil microbial biomass and the number of nematode functional guilds. Tillage had only a short-term effect on soil porosity and did not allow deeper extension of the root system. Although soil organic nitrogen mineralization was higher with conventional tillage, banana nitrogen nutrition was not better, probably because the high nitrogen fertilization offset the variations in availability of nitrogen from organic origin. We found that banana growth was better with no-till treatment. This could be explained by less drying out of soil due to the crop residue mulch left on the soil surface with no-till treatment. Conclusion. Relative to conventional tillage, no-till banana planting improved soil quality and crop performance.