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Fuelled by the big data explosion, a new methodology to estimate sub-annual death probabilities has recently been proposed, opening new insurance business opportunities. This new approach exploits all the detailed information available from millions of microdata records to develop seasonal-ageing indexes (SAIs) from which sub-annual (quarterly) life tables can be derived from annual tables. In this paper, we explore whether a shortcut could be taken in the estimation of SAIs and (life insurance) sub-annual death rates. We propose three different approximations, in which estimates are attained by using just a small bunch of thousands of data records and assess their impact on several competitive markets defined from an actual portfolio of life insurance policies. Our analyses clearly point to the shortcuts as good practical alternatives that can be used in real-life insurance markets. Noticeably, we see that embracing the new quarterly based approach, even using only an approximation (shortcut), is economically preferable to using the associated annual table, offering a significant competitive advantage to the company adopting this innovation.
Warfare in the deep past was pervasive and deadly. To understand the past, warfare must be considered as deadly conflict between independent polities and not the type of weapons and sizes of fighting forces. In spite of their limitations, the archaeological record and early historical ethnographic records provide considerable evidence relevant to warfare. From this we can conclude warfare was deadlier as a proportion of the males dying of warfare than in recent centuries. In particular, warfare among foragers (hunters and gatherers) was much more common than generally perceived. There is no evidence that there were long intervals of time, for any society in the past, when there was no warfare; or, put another way, there were no peaceful societies for any great length of time. The impact warfare had on societies, what caused changes in the intensity of warfare, and did it lead to selection for traits that resulted in warfare success, is discussed. In particular, the impact of climate change and competition over scarce resources are seen as key factors in ancient warfare.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of gynecologic malignancies predicts the likelihood of a tertiary palliative care unit hospital admission.
Method:
In this study, patients admitted to a specialized tertiary palliative care unit (TPCU) with gynecologic malignancies were compared to national and provincial death rates to determine if gynecologic malignancy predicts admission, and subsequent death, in a TPCU.
Results:
Eighty-two gynecologic cancer patients were admitted to our TPCU over the 5- year study period. Out of all cancer deaths in the TPCU, death from ovarian cancer was 3.7% compared with 2.4% (p = 0.0068) of all cancer deaths in Manitoba and 2.3% (p = 0.0043) of all cancer deaths in Canada. Cervical cancer accounted for 1.7% of all our patients deaths compared with 0.7% (p = 0.0001) provincially and 0.6% (p = 0.0001) nationally. Uterine cancer deaths were not significantly different from the provincial and national death rates, whereas vulvar and fallopian cancers were too rare to allow for statistical analysis.
Significance of Results:
Gynecologic cancers may be predictive of admission to a palliative care unit.
In emergency situations, mortality rates are critical indicators of a population's health status. When surveillance systems are not yet functioning or cannot be implemented, rates can be derived from data collected in populationbased, cross-sectional surveys.
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