A highly selective history of dictionary publishing in the United States, focusing on the sales, marketing, distribution, and financing of dictionaries, how they have changed radically over the years, but how many of the challenges remain the same. In doing so, the chapter illustrates the persistence of five constants that have shaped dictionary publishing in the United States. 1. Dictionary publishing has always been expensive. The factors driving that expense change over time, but even in the digital era there are no signs that it is becoming any less expensive. 2. Dictionary publishing has nearly always been highly competitive. 3. Dictionary publishing in the United States has always been aimed at the broad general public more than at the professional or scholarly market; hence, the dominant publishing strategy has been to lower prices in order to broaden distribution. 4. Technology has always been a driver of publishing strategies. 5. Aggressive sales and marketing have always been a part of dictionary publishing, but throughout the history of dictionary publishing in the United States, the one marketing strategy that overshadows all others has been effective brand management.

This chapter gives an overview of the development of lexicography in New Zealand before and after the publication of the landmark Dictionary of New Zealand English in 1997. Attention is given to the importance of the Maori language in New Zealand English and the ways in which slang has been over-emphasised as a characteristic of this variety of English. As well as monolingual English dictionaries, the chapter includes some discussion of dictionaries in New Zealand's two official languages, Maori and New Zealand Sign Language.

This chapter gives an overview of the traditions of English lexicography from the early modern period to the present day. Rather than presenting a linear story of evolutionary development, it surveys changes in the whole ecosystem of lexicographical publishing, from the most elementary spelling-books to the most scholarly multi-volume dictionaries, emphasising the books which came into the hands of the most readers: these were of course the smallest and cheapest. It is therefore attentive to changes in publishing technology (from handpress to machine press to digital) and to information about dictionaries as material books, such as physical size, number of editions, and size of print runs.

This chapter surveys the history of Scottish dictionaries from their beginnings to the present day, highlighting key historical lexicographers and their contributions to the documentation of the Scots language. Acknowledging the wide-ranging impact that Scottish dictionary-makers have had on the global stage, the discussion focuses on the perceptions of Scots over time and the impact this has had on the types of resources available for its study. Early pioneers including Thomas Ruddiman and John Jamieson are discussed and contextualised. Ruddiman’s influential glossary (1710) supported readers of Gavin Douglas’s translation of Virgil’s Aeneid, while Jamieson, like the Scottish poets of the eighteenth-century Vernacular Revival, sought to preserve and celebrate the language. Twentieth-century and present-day practitioners and their objectives are also considered. The editorial team at Scottish Language Dictionaries, led by Rhona Alcorn, are both educators and curators, building on the legacies of DOST and SND under the banner of the Dictionary of the Scots Language (www.dsl.ac.uk) and working to maintain the status of Scots as a living language while enhancing its appreciation and acceptance.