In Japan, research on issues of donor conception has been accumulating for several decades, and the need for legislation concerning donor conception is now recognized. Since the early 2000s, donor-conceived individuals have begun to speak out for the right to know their biological origin, and the general public has come to understand the importance of this right. However, until recently, no relevant law or legal regulation existed in Japan. This chapter (1) introduces the historical and cultural background of sperm donor anonymity in Japan; (2) reviews the positions of various government committees since the late 1990s; (3) provides an overview of how donor offspring, parents, and intended parents of donor-conceived children have dealt with the issues; and (4) discusses the reasons for the slow pace of legislation and the Japanese government’s failure to recognize the right of donor offspring to obtain donor information.

For many years, donor conception treatment was seen as a “solution” to involuntary childlessness, marked by pregnancy. Through awareness-raising by mental health professionals and especially donor-conceived people themselves, it is now increasingly recognized as the start of a family-building process with an ongoing story that unfolds over the family life-span and beyond. This chapter shows how parents’ abilities to adjust their prior beliefs about the meaning of “family” and “genetic relationships” become critical in the shift from “building a family” to “being a family” and onwards. Moreover, they are not alone anymore: various story-tellers in the new family system, including children, grandparents and others, each have their own unfolding understandings to voice and manage, separately and together. Throughout this creative and challenging process, the donor(s) has a presence, regardless of whether all are aware of their involvement. The complexity of disclosure is considered alongside the need for openness itself to be ongoing and interactive if it is to healthily accommodate shifts in understanding and power balances as children grow. Families do not exist in a vacuum, so wider networks and societal developments can also influence the permeability of their boundaries. Finally, the role of professional and peer support is considered.