The main purpose of this chapter is to study gender inequality within the inventive activities in three emerging countries – Brazil, India, and Mexico – using the framework of knowledge economics. It aims to determine which factors that influence a growing propensity of women to be inventors help reduce gender inequality in knowledge economies. In addition, the chapter contributes policy proposals that aim at increasing female participation in inventive activities. The key questions for this research are as follows: What are the characteristics and dynamics of female inventive activities in emerging countries with different economic development paths? What factors influence women’s propensity to invent? Based on the results of the econometric model proposed in this chapter, the inventive variables, such as the stock of prior knowledge, the size of inventor teams, the type of patent holder, technological field, and the presence of foreign researchers – positively influence women’s propensity to become inventors in a differentiated manner in each country. These findings validate how some variables could influence the inclusion of a greater number of women in research teams and the deployment of their potential inventive activities. The chapter proposes policies aimed at reducing gender inequality in the knowledge economy.

Jose Alvarez reflects on the state of international law and international organizations at the beginning of the 21st Century and the extent to which they are taking seriously the demands of justice. In this regard, Alvarez is of the view that both international law and international organizations are very much in need of reform. If only because of this, the redistribution of power at the international level, with the emergence of new powers, makes it necessary to adapt international law and the international order to the new conditions of the time. In the process, it is not only the relevance of international law that will be preserved but also its ability to satisfy the contemporary demands of justice.