This chapter focuses on female fertility preservation procedures because of their complexity and peculiarities. Ovarian failure leads to the impossibility of childbearing apart from other problems related to the menopause, such as vasomotor, skeletal or cardiovascular alterations. Early menopause and infertility are two of the main consequences for patients treated with gonadotoxic agents. Gonadotoxicity, a decrease in ovarian activity, depends on several factors, including the age of the patient; the initial status of the ovaries; the treatment applied and cumulative doses; and the type of agent used. Ovarian tissue freezing for later autotransplantation is alternative for fertility preservation in women with oncological or non-oncological diseases. Any patient with a high risk of premature ovarian failure is a possible candidate for fertility preservation. Oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation are useful as they overcome some of the disadvantages, ethical concerns and legal restrictions related to embryo cryopreservation.

This chapter throws light on ethical concerns regarding cyber war or cyber terror. Computers have contributed to revitalizing the realm of conflict in three principal areas. First, in terms of conventional military operations, computers have completely revolutionized communications, making complex new modes of field operations possible. Next, computers have made it possible to analyse oceans of sensor data quite swiftly, enabling the military, intelligence and law enforcement communities to take action in ever more timely and targeted ways. This powerful new analytic capacity, it must be noted, can serve aggressors or defenders equally well, whether they are nations or terrorist networks. Last, the growing dependence of societies and their militaries on advanced information and communications technologies has given birth to cyberspace-based forms of strategic attack, designed to cause costly, crippling disruptions. In sum, whether nation or network, there may be sound ethical reasons for embracing cyber warfare and/or cyber terror.

The long-term effect on serious disorders such as liver cancer, caused by the hepatitis B virus, or cervical cancer, caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV), remains to be seen. Despite this clear medical success, vaccines have become the focus of considerable social and ethical controversy. More recently, the media and cultural wars over immunization have focused on the measles vaccine and/or the use of thimerosal and their alleged relationships to autistic behavior. Pediatric immunization programs undoubtedly stand as one of the most important U.S. public health initiatives of the 20th century. From a public policy perspective, states have clear legal authority to mandate vaccination, and such measures have succeeded in dramatically reducing the incidence of disease and complications from many important infectious agents. A successful childhood vaccination program must balance constitutionally protected parental liberties with social responsibility.