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2 results

  • 4 - Experiments on Businesses and Political Connections

  • Robert Kubinec, New York University Abu Dhabi
  • Book:
    Making Democracy Safe for Busines
    Published online:
    22 June 2023
    Print publication:
    06 July 2023, pp 108-147

  • Summary

    This chapter presents original survey evidence of corporate political action in Egypt and Tunisia. Employing multiple surveys between 2017 and 2020, the chapter shows that Egyptian business were more active politically and more willing to take strong measures such as telling their employees who to vote for. These differences in engagement are a reflection of the presence of the military in Egypt and its strong economic linkages with businesspeople.

  • 5 - Crony Capitalism in International Comparison

  • Robert Kubinec, New York University Abu Dhabi
  • Book:
    Making Democracy Safe for Busines
    Published online:
    22 June 2023
    Print publication:
    06 July 2023, pp 148-168

  • Summary

    This chapter expands on the previous chapter by presenting survey evidence from Morocco, Jordan, Venezuela, and the Ukraine using the same conjoint experiment of business political engagement. The chapter documents that Egypt's military has a higher level of penetration than even other Arab countries. In general, Arab countries seem to have more economically involved militaries than non-Arab countries. An additional pattern is that companies that have had to pay higher bribe costs in the past five years are more likely to engage in political action, suggesting that they are trying to protect their companies and their relationships with the government.