The higher-order thalamus (e.g., the pulvinar) is widely thought to play a critical role in its interactions with the neocortex, but identifying precisely what that role is has been somewhat challenging.Here, we describe how a computational approach to understanding the nature of learning and memory in the neocortex suggests three distinct, well-defined contributions of the thalamus: (1) attention, which is perhaps the most widely discussed function of the pulvinar, is supported by a pooled inhibition dynamic involving the thalamic reticular nucleus; (2) predictive learning, where the pulvinar serves as a kind of screen on which predictions are projected, and a temporal difference between predictions and subsequent outcomes can drive error-driven learning throughout the thalamocortical system; and (3) executive function in the circuits involving the frontal cortex, where the mediodorsal (MD) thalamus is largely similar anatomically to the pulvinar and could thus support similar attentional and predictive learning functions, whereas ventral thalamic nuclei receive inhibitory modulation from the basal ganglia, supporting a gating function to regulate action based on a strong competition of Go versus No Go informed by reinforcement learning.Taken together, these important modulatory and learning contributions of the thalamus suggest that a full computational understanding of the neocortex is significantly incomplete without an integration of the thalamic circuitry.

Is phonological form perceived, understood, stored, and accessed in the same way and with the same neural mapping in signed and spoken languages? This is the complex and multifaceted question that the work on sign language processing has addressed since the beginning. The methodologies and technologies used to address this question have become more sophisticated over the last sixty years. Since the beginning, a psycholinguistic tradition was at the center of the work on sign languages, and we trace the trajectory of this work in this chapter.