The “crisis of evangelicalism” that arose in 2016 with the election of Donald Trump, who was supported by 80 percent of American evangelicals, provides a case study in the challenge of determining who counts as a “true evangelical” or a “true Christian.” The distinction between descriptive and prescriptive approaches to Christianity helps to clarify much of the controversy. The anxieties of modernity have forced all Christians, liberal and conservative, to explore new approaches to prescriptivism.

Chapter 3 discusses the subsequent stage of the evolution of the AIR. The ASEAN member states shift dramatically from the start-point of the 1987 ASEAN Investment Agreement. Chapter 3 shows that this start-point was marked by a remarkable degree of conservativism, with the member states unwilling to extend fundamental liberal and protective guarantees typically found in their BITs with third countries among themselves. By contrast, Chapter 3 traces a fundamental shift by the late 1990s, where a series of internal and external events would push those members to dramatically reshape their approach to investment rules. The combination of the disastrous effects of the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis and the rise of China as a serious economic competitor would force those states to begin to develop a deeper level of integration. That identity crisis fundamentally shapes both the normative orientation and legal norms within the 1998 ASEAN Framework Agreement. Though limited when measured against conventional legalization indicators, any such critique ignores the vitality and creativity of the key choices made in this time of crisis.

I conclude with three final overarching sets of observations. First, I make explicit some aspects of the coherentist method, which I modelled in the last three chapters. Second, I highlight some emerging themes for criminal law theory of ICL (and particularly the exploration of deontic principles). Third, I survey some additional issues in ICL and criminal law theory to which the proposed frame of inquiry could be fruitfully applied in the future.

The purpose of this Annex is to address some of the responses to ‘Identity Crisis’, in order to better clarify five main points of possible confusion.

In this annex, I outline common concerns with the joint criminal enterprise (JCE), and explore the reasoning that led to these problems, to show the pitfalls of exuberant reasoning that does not engage adequately with the deontic dimension.

Famous for concepts such as “identity crisis” and the eight life-stage psychosocial development model, Erik Erikson was born to a Jewish mother and a father whose identity was never revealed. He became a drifter and wandered the countryside for seven years before training and analysis by Anna Freud. Moving to the USA to escape Nazi persecution, he became the first child psychoanalyst in the Americas, and one of the key players of the “neo-Freudian” movement. Drawing on his own struggles with identity confusion while growing up and adjusting to American life, he wrote a series of books detailing the importance of identity in personality development and successful adjustment in life. He also coined the term “moratorium” to emphasize the need for time for adolescents and young adults to search for their own directions. His tomes on Martin Luther and Mahatma Gandhi have been bestsellers and are still regarded as classics. These books eloquently illustrate the role “identity crisis” played in shaping the lives and acts of prominent historical figures who profoundly changed the course of human history.