This chapter describes in detail Neurath’s adventurous escape from The Hague with other refugees on a small boat that was intercepted by a British warship. He and his partner Marie Reidemeister were then interned as enemy aliens on the Isle of Man, due to the encroaching threat of German invasion. The internment camps were a microcosm of Central European culture, and Neurath participated in the ‘popular university’ organized by internees of his camp. The correspondence between Neurath and Reidemeister (in separate camps) reveals their optimistic determination to continue working together, as well as Neurath’s predisposal to British culture. The Society for the Protection of Science and Learning campaigned for their release but, despite intervention from Albert Einstein, their case was not simple.

As the internment unfolded, numerous prominent Americans actively tried to combat it. Religious and civic groups, from the Quakers to the Fair Play Committee, independently strove to aid those within the camps. Returning from house arrest in Tokyo, the American Ambassador to Japan toured the United States in an effort to soften hatred toward the Japanese. A high-placed intelligence official and expert on Japanese Americans anonymously published an article with a similar objective. Two Japanese Americans, Gordon Hirabayashi and Fred Korematsu, resisted the evacuation through the courts. All of these efforts, however, were uncoordinated, and the President’s order remained in place. This chapter traces the disparate measures that Americans pursued to undo a grave injustice.