In 2021, the United States challenged Canadian dairy import tariff rate quotas (TRQs) before the first state-to-state arbitration panel under Chapter 31 of the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). The panel held that the method of allocation of TRQs limited the US dairy industry’s access to the Canadian market and therefore violated CUSMA provisions. However, the panel also acknowledged that the Canadian supply management system for dairy products is a unique regulatory framework for production control, pricing mechanisms, and import control. This article explores the case as a test of the functioning of the improved CUSMA dispute settlement process and of Canada’s ability to protect its supply management system for dairy products from renewed pressure coming from its most important trade partner.

This article presents the results of an empirical study of the contractual practices of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the area of Dakar, Senegal, from the perspective of legal pluralism. The notion of internormativity developed by Jean-Guy Belley in his study of the relationships between Alcan and its suppliers serves to question the importance of state law in business relationships and economic development and the approach taken by the World Bank with respect to the relationship between formal and informal norms in developing countries.