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2 results

  • 9 - The Directory, Thermidor, and the Transformation of the Revolution

  • from Part I - France
  • General editor Wim Klooster, Clark University, Massachusetts
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of the Age of Atlantic Revolutions
    Published online:
    18 October 2023
    Print publication:
    09 November 2023, pp 247-271

  • Summary

    Founded by the Constitution of the year III, and with the executive power divided between five Directors, and the legislative power divided into two houses, the Directory sought political middle ground. It defied at the same time the “Jacobins” of Babeuf’s conspiracy and the constitutional circles, and the royalists of the Philanthropic Institute, who were ready to seize power by means of elections or force. In the name of this double danger, real or supposed, the Directors set up coups d’état to nullify election results by associating themselves with generals haloed by their expeditions and their victories abroad (in Egypt or the “sister-republics”). The Directory tried to muzzle the press, supervise the theater, multiply the official celebrations, and reform primary and secondary education. It tried in vain to spread a national religion (theophilanthropy) to control public opinion, to favor a republican elite, to tie scholars to the regime. In charge of a society marked by strong contrasts between the new rich who benefited from the development of the arts, and those left behind (the downgraded, unemployed, deserters, emigrants), it was confronted with corruption and brigandage.

Urban Spectacle in Republican Milan

Urban Spectacle in Republican Milan
  • Pubbliche feste at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
  • Alessandra Palidda
  • Published online:
    09 August 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • At the turn of the nineteenth century, Lombardy and its capital Milan lived through a season of intense social and political change, especially in the passage between Austrian Monarchy and Napoleonic republics (1796-1799, and 1800-1802). While affecting cultural production on all levels, this passage occasioned a significant change in terms of public celebration, with republican festivals and other celebratory occasions coming from revolutionary France being reframed amongst Milanese specificities. After establishing a solid historical and aesthetic background to Lombardy in this delicate period, to the revolutionary models and to the Milanese substrate, this Element aims at reconstructing and describing the main features of the French republican festivals in Milan, and their impact on the city's landscape, soundscape and self-representation. It will also conclude by offering some reflections on these events' consequences on the following century's patriotism/nationalism and cultural production, reinstating them as an interesting, albeit forgotten case study.