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3 results

  • Epilogue

  • Philip C. Almond, University of Queensland
  • Book:
    The Buddha
    Published online:
    09 November 2023
    Print publication:
    30 November 2023, pp 324-329

  • Summary

    The Epilogue argues that, during the first decades of the twenty-first century, the Buddha has become part of Western popular culture, on occasion little more than a commodity on the shelf in the modern supermarket of individual spiritualities. Thus, whether the story of the Buddha is history or legend, fact or fiction, he remains an exemplary human figure, whose life provides a ‘romantic’ ideal to be followed. As the Oriental ‘other’, now acceptably disenchanted, the Buddha is a symbolic antidote to the ills of modernity in the West. The disenchanted Buddha is thus able to serve as the foundation of a new Western naturalised Buddhism. Naturalised Buddhism provides technologies of self-formation for everyday life in this world. Here, the Buddha is a this-worldly sage and the philosopher of a new form of human consciousness focused upon the practices of meditation and mindfulness.

  • 7 - The Demands of Practical Reason and Self-Formation

  • from Part III - The Human Person and the Demands of Reason
  • Katharina T. Kraus, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
  • Book:
    Kant on Self-Knowledge and Self-Formation
    Published online:
    01 December 2020
    Print publication:
    03 December 2020, pp 251-276

  • Summary

    Chapter 7, “The Demands of Practical Reason and Self-Formation”, completes Kant’s account of psychological personhood by showing that the idea of the soul defines the unifying form of a person’s mental life. It finally establishes the self-formation view via the second central thesis that psychological persons first form themselves in the course of realizing their mental capacities under the normative guidance of a unifying idea. The idea of the soul demands, for instance, that we realize ourselves as unified across time (according to the presupposition of substantiality), as the self-efficacious common cause of all mental activity (according to the presupposition of a fundamental power), and as self-directing towards a rational personality (according to the presupposition of personal identity). The chapter explicates the intrinsic normativity of personhood in terms of a demand for inner systematicity across three distinct, though interrelated spheres: the epistemic, the practical, and the affective. This demand is finally articulated in the form of two imperatives: the imperative of self-formation and the imperative of self-knowledge.

  • Self-formation in Microelectronics

  • STEPAS JANUšONIS
  • Journal:
    AI EDAM / Volume 14 / Issue 3 / June 2000
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    31 October 2000, pp. 221-234

  • The external formation of integrated circuits based on lithographic processes is not the only possible method for manufacturing electron devices, either integrated circuits or photovoltaic cells. Planar technology, based on external formation, requires a certain sequence of interactions between the structured medium and the object being formed, in which the configuration of the region to be formed and its position are defined by the structure of the media and their alignment with the object. By contrast, in self-formation the interaction between an object to be formed and its chaotic medium is controlled by the object structure itself, and it is this interaction that changes the object's structure, leading to its increasing complexity. Three kinds of self-formation can be used in manufacturing: self-formation, based on a certain sequential interaction between an object and chaotic media; development, which requires only a single chaotic medium; and reproduction, which involves a developing object generating primary objects. All these cases represent self-formation of artificial systems. Simpler patterns of self-formation have already led to various patents and technologies, while more complex ones may be applied in the future. The following article attempts to define the necessary and sufficient conditions for self-formation.