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5 results

  • 5 - Brain Plasticity

  • Heather Bortfeld, University of California, Merced, Silvia A. Bunge, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book:
    Fundamentals of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
    Published online:
    11 January 2024
    Print publication:
    01 February 2024, pp 114-154

  • Summary

    This chapter offers a thorough examination of the processes and outcomes of brain plasticity. We begin by unraveling the historical milestones and breakthroughs that initiated the study of brain plasticity. Exploring the intricate world of cellular mechanisms, we outline the core processes underpinning brain plasticity, making this complex topic accessible. We then delve into the three primary types of brain plasticity: experience-independent, experience-expectant, and experience-dependent, showcasing how they depend on environmental inputs to varying degrees. The concept of critical periods emerges as a central theme. We explore the regulatory mechanisms governing the opening and closing of critical periods and why this adaptive feature is essential for brain development. Further, we outline the expansion-normalization hypothesis, providing evidence that sheds light on how brain plasticity evolves over the course of development. Finally, we explore the profound impact of early life adversity on shaping the developing brain, offering insights into the lifelong consequences of such experiences

  • 11 - Altered States of Consciousness

  • from Part III - Other States of Consciousness
  • Trevor A. Harley, University of Dundee
  • Book:
    The Science of Consciousness
    Published online:
    19 March 2021
    Print publication:
    18 February 2021, pp 269-285

  • Summary

    This chapter examines altered states of consciousness (ASCs) and how the the phenomenology of the experience is linked to the changes that give rise to the altered state. The chapter begins by asking what an ASC is, and what is altered in it. I’m It introduces the psychonaut, who tries to explore human experience in part with conscious states. The chapter describes several altered states, including sensory deprivation (and mentions its use as torture), sensory habituation and out-of-body experiences (OBEs). It emphasises that OBEs arise from brain-related changes and do not need to be explained in terms of a soul or astral travel. The chapter similarly examines near-death experiences (NDEs) and how they can be explained in physical terms, without recourse to an afterlife. The chapter also examines migraine prodrome and aura, epilepsy and the sleeping sickness Encephalitis lethargica, as portrayed in Oliver Sacks’s book Awakenings, and the film of the same name.

  • Sensory dysfunction and quality of life after great auricular nerve sacrifice during parotidectomy: our experience

  • J Galli, M Pandolfini, M Rigante, L Schinaia, M L Guidi, G Almadori, G Paludetti
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 129 / Issue 11 / November 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 August 2015, pp. 1121-1127
    Print publication:
    November 2015
  • Objective:

    This study aimed to investigate the impact on patients' quality of life of great auricular nerve sacrifice during parotidectomy.

    Methods:

    A retrospective review was conducted of 191 consecutive patients who underwent parotidectomy with great auricular nerve sacrifice between 2006 and 2011. Residual sensory dysfunction and its impact on quality of life was analysed using an eight-item quality of life survey.

    Results:

    In all, 139 out of 191 patients (72.8 per cent) experienced one or more abnormal sensations in the ear or neck region after surgery. There was a moderate inverse correlation between the number of abnormal sensations and time elapsed since surgery. Moreover, the degree of discomfort correlated significantly with the frequency of symptom occurrence (p < 0.001), duration of the abnormal sensation (p < 0.001) and size of the affected area (p < 0.001).

    Conclusion:

    Sacrifice of the great auricular nerve has only a small impact on patient quality of life; their daily activities are not significantly affected.

  • Effect of early postnatal air-conduction auditory deprivation on the development and function of the rat spiral ganglion

  • F Wang, X Gao, J Chen, S-L Liu, F-Y Wang, R-Y Hei, Y Chen, J-H Qiu
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 125 / Issue 9 / September 2011
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 June 2011, pp. 917-923
    Print publication:
    September 2011
  • Objective:

    To evaluate the effect of early postnatal air-conduction auditory deprivation on the development and function of the rat spiral ganglion.

    Study design:

    Randomised animal study.

    Methods:

    Sixty neonatal Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: controls (n = 30) given regular chow and water ad libitum; and study animals (n = 30) fed within a soundproof chamber. Auditory brainstem response testing was conducted in both groups on postnatal day 42.

    Results:

    Auditory deprivation between postnatal days 12 and 42 resulted in an increased hearing threshold and reduced auditory brainstem response amplitudes, together with degeneration of type I spiral ganglion neurons and the presence of apoptotic cells.

    Conclusion:

    Non-invasive auditory deprivation during a critical developmental period resulted in numerous changes in rat cochlear function and morphology.

  • Chapter 31 - Pharmacotherapy and parasomnias

  • from Section 6 - Therapy of parasomnias
  • Edited by Michael J. Thorpy, Giuseppe Plazzi, Università di Bologna
  • Book:
    The Parasomnias and Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
    Published online:
    10 November 2010
    Print publication:
    10 June 2010, pp 301-311

  • Summary

    Hallucinations occur when sensations are perceived in the absence of environmental stimuli. They are generated by the brain under normal or abnormal situations, including drowsiness, sensory deprivation, use of or withdrawal from drugs or toxins, structural or metabolic brain disease, seizures or migraine, and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations (HH) are typically visual, but can be auditory, tactile or kinetic. Complex nocturnal visual hallucinations (CNVH) have somewhat different phenomenology and putative pathophysiology from HHs and can be seen in a variety of pathologic conditions. CNVH have similar phenomenology and represent a final common pathway for a variety of etiologies. The exploding head syndrome (EHS) is thought to be a benign condition characterized by an imagined very loud sound or explosion in the head at sleep onset or on waking during night.