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3 results

  • Chapter 21 - Botulinum Toxin in Ophthalmology

  • Edited by Daniel Truong, University of California, Riverside, Dirk Dressler, Hannover Medical School, Mark Hallett, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Christopher Zachary, University of California, Irvine, Mayank Pathak, Truong Neuroscience Institute
  • Book:
    Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy
    Published online:
    02 November 2023
    Print publication:
    23 November 2023, pp 180-187

  • Summary

    In ophthalmology, botulinum toxin injections are the treatment of choice in essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. However, there are many other indications for botulinum toxin around the eye and orbit, such as several forms of strabismus, especially sixth nerve palsy and vertical strabismus in Graves’ disease, convergence spasm, injection in the lacrimal gland for crocodile tears and lacrimal outflow obstruction, eyelid retraction in thyroid eye disease, protective ptosis in lagophtalmos and corneal wounds and entropion. The injection technique is explained in detail including electromyography (EMG) recordings from the eye muscles and injections in the lacrimal gland and the upper eyelid.

  • Chronic Sixth Nerve Palsy due to Compression by the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

  • Bhranavi Arulratnam, Daniel M. Mandell, Jonathan A. Micieli
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 47 / Issue 1 / January 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 October 2019, pp. 119-120
    • Article
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  • A 65-year-old healthy woman presented with a 15-year history of binocular horizontal diplopia worse when looking left. She had previously been thoroughly investigated multiple times for a left sixth nerve palsy (6NP) 15 years ago and had three normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain/orbits with contrast, normal acetylcholine receptor antibodies, normal thyroid function tests, normal cerebrospinal fluid, and normal nerve conduction studies and single-fibre electromyography. She was treated with prism glasses, which resulted in resolution of her symptoms in primary position.