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2 results

  • 21 - Critical and emergency care

  • from Section 2 - Practical issues in transesophageal echocardiography
  • Edited by Robert Feneck, John Kneeshaw, Marco Ranucci
  • Book:
    Core Topics in Transesophageal Echocardiography
    Published online:
    10 May 2010
    Print publication:
    15 April 2010, pp 339-347

  • Summary

    The quantification of hemodynamics by Doppler echocardiography using transesophageal windows may be useful in providing rapid information useful in the acute management of some patients. Three main equations form the basis of hemodynamic calculations: the flow equation, the Bernoulli equation, and the continuity equation. According to the continuity equation, the blood flow entering a cardiac chamber in diastole is equal to the blood flow leaving that chamber in systole. If people apply this concept to regurgitant valves, they can measure the volume of the regurgitant blood during the cardiac cycle. The assessment of the severity of regurgitant valves is more complex. The vena contracta, the area of the regurgitant jet, and the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method may be useful. The data obtained should always be interpreted with caution and in association with data obtained from other modalities.

  • 15 - Cardiomyopathies

  • from Section 2 - Practical issues in transesophageal echocardiography
  • Edited by Robert Feneck, John Kneeshaw, Marco Ranucci
  • Book:
    Core Topics in Transesophageal Echocardiography
    Published online:
    10 May 2010
    Print publication:
    15 April 2010, pp 247-267

  • Summary

    This chapter deals with mitral valve (MV) disease. Mitral stenosis is obstruction of left ventricular inflow at the level of the MV, as a result of structural abnormalities of the MV apparatus that limit proper opening during diastole. Mitral annular calcification is a degenerative process, and is a common incidental finding in the elderly. Rheumatic carditis is the commonest cause of mitral stenosis in both developed and developing countries. Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most commonly encountered valvular lesion in modern clinical practice. Primary MV prolapse syndrome (MVPS) refers to a disease spectrum with frank myxomatous degeneration at one extreme. The transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) variables used in the assessment of MR severity can be classified as semi-quantitative or quantitative. The vena contracta (VC) refers to the narrowest portion or neck of the regurgitant jet, which occurs at or just beyond the regurgitant orifice.