Culture is the unique customs, values, norms, and language of a society or community. It is constantly evolving to accommodate for changes in the social, political, economic, and environmental atmosphere. It also plays a critical role in how individuals interpret and respond to illness. Transcultural psychiatry has been developed to address the role of understanding and incorporating the role of culture in psychiatry. As the United States becomes more diverse, the application of transcultural psychiatry in clinical practice becomes even more important. There are several tools that clinicians can use to implement transcultural practices, including the Cultural Formulation Interview, CRASH model, HUMBLE model, and LEARN model. However, it is understood that barriers in implementation exist, such as language barriers, training, stereotypes, implicit discrimination, and time. To bridge these obstacles, clinicians should educate themselves about the different models of transcultural care and dedicate attention to adopting these in their personal practices and in their individual clinical teams.

This chapter focuses on work exploring the influence of ideology on judicial decision-making. It explores the nature of indeterminacy as developed by the Legal Realists and the Critical Legal Studies movement, the latter of whom regarded judicial decision-making as thoroughly political. It then takes up work, conducted largely by political scientists, that imagines judges as political actors in the same way that legislators are, and surveys both refinements to and critiques of that work.

This chapter introduces and unpacks the standard model of judging, which imagines a system in which independent judges apply pre-existing legal rules to determine the winner following an adversarial proceeding. It thus explores the concept of judicial independence and the ideal of the rule of law, revealing both to be more complex and contingent than first meets the eye. Judicial independence exists in relation to the actors and forces we want judges to be independent from and is necessarily tied to judicial accountability. The rule of law is necessarily an incompletely realizable ideal because lawmakers cannot perfectly anticipate the future and because the law is often motivated by conflicting values. Indeterminacy is the result. The idealized adversarial process is likewise only imperfectly realized, often by design.

decades of Company rule, focusing on how a key issue of previous chapters – how contemporaries grappled with the question of just how Company science should serve national interests – was resolved, in part, by the rise of the “economic museum” movement and by new claims regarding the economic utility of the natural and human sciences. The first section considers new institutional developments in the connections between the India House library-museum and collections-based science institutions in the colonies. Increasingly, the India House library and museum would be represented as at the top of a hierarchy of respect to Company science establishments, reaching from London to the presidency governments and out into the rural divisions and settlements. The chapter then turns to the growing economic focus within the India House library-museum. The Company itself was no longer directly participating in trade, but it was responsible for the agricultural, industrial and other trade-related policies for British India, and the museum became closely tied to this. Some of the new responsibilities of the Reporter on the Products of India position were meant to aid the administrators in such areas of state. But the turn to a science of trade and industry was also, in part, the result of the directors more fully embracing the mission of making the library and museum useful for the (British) public by addressing industrialists, manufacturers and consumers in particular. Altogether, with a new, more clearly defined role as a mediator of industrial, educational and scientific relations between the home country and the colonies, these developments combined to bring new energy and purpose to the library and museum at India House. In almost exactly the same moment, however, the decisive undoing of the Company was brewing, brought on not by the free-trade liberals in Britain but by the resolute defiance of native soldiers in British India.

This chapter offers a reconsideration of what might appear a fairly unproductive period in Hopkins’s writing life, at least when seen in comparison to his Welsh and Irish phases. It discusses the years Hopkins spent in northern England, first during his Jesuit training and then later in his work as a priest. The chapter begins by outlining Hopkins’s varied experience of northern England, both while based at Stonyhurst College in rural Lancashire, and in his postings in industrial and urban centres in the north-west. It considers his responses to these locations via his poem ‘Felix Randal’, a poem written while Hopkins was based in Liverpool. Proposing that the poem’s language owes much to Hopkins’s knowledge of Lancashire, the chapter makes a case for ‘Felix Randal’ as revealing Hopkins’s ideal northern England.

Contemporary democracies are experiencing decay due to economic crises, inequality, and the emergence of harsh capitalism, leading to democratic fragmentation and the rise of undemocratic liberalism and illiberal democracy. Ezrahi attributes this crisis to a shift in political epistemology from a dualistic cosmology of modernity to a postmodern monism, which blurs the boundaries between Nature/Culture. This book traces this shift from the monistic religious cosmology of the Middle Ages, based on a hierarchical “Chain of Being” with God at the top, to the secular, anti-hierarchical dualistic cosmology of the modern West. This shift created a dichotomy between Nature/Culture, world and humanity, providing space for human agency and forming the basis for democracy. Ezrahi argues that the dissolution of this dualistic cosmology has led to the breakdown of beliefs and perceptions that supported Western civic individualism, including perceptions of cause and effect in politics, public facts, expert competence, objectivity, and the visibility of political power.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most important and potentially incapacitating mental disorders, typically characterized by the alternation of depressive symptoms with periods of elevated mood, called manic or hypomanic episodes. The present chapter provides an overview of the main aspect of this psychiatric condition, including its clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and therapeutic aspects. While the diagnosis and management of BD can be challenging, ongoing research has led to considerable advances in its understanding. It is expected that those advances will bring about improvements in the identification and treatment of this mental illness.

This concluding chapter presents a high-level overview of the topics and case studies outlined in the earlier chapters, reiterating the main contributions of the book to the literature. The chapter then proceeds with ten takeaways, insights learned, and recommendations derived from the individual chapters. It concludes with a synthesis of the key findings and lessons learned from the various chapters, reflecting on the policy measures, technological innovation, and behavioural change enablers needed for a successful carbon neutrality transition in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region.

Problems in eating behaviors in conjunction with altered cognitions about shape, weight, or food define eating disorders. Behaviors can include restrictive eating patterns, loss-of-control eating episodes, as well as compensatory actions to mitigate caloric intake such as overexercise or vomiting. Cognitive preoccupations can be related to food, eating, body image, and/or weight. Combinations of these behaviors and cognitions define the specific DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses. Screening by clinicians is important, because many will present for associated comorbidities rather than the eating disorder, and early interventions are associated with better outcomes. Malnutrition, dehydration, infertility, seizures, and cardiac problems are common medical complications of eating disorders. Multiple levels of care can be appropriate for treatment of eating disorders; the least restrictive level that allows the patient to make behavioral changes in eating while still ensuring both medical and psychiatric safety is preferred. Because both physiological and psychological factors are involved in eating pathology, the treatment team should ideally include expertise from medicine, psychiatry, nutrition, and talk therapy. Communication across the team about the patient’s current goals is essential, as all members can influence the patient’s motivation to make changes necessary for recovery.

In many developed or high-income countries, significant oral health inequalities exist in disadvantaged communities, including refugee and migrant populations. In low- and middle-income countries, inequalities are even higher. Residing within these countries are Muslim populations who frequently base their oral health practices on the guidance within the prophetic Hadith and Sunnah. Public dental health needs to acknowledge that alternative oral hygiene aids and practices play a significant role for some Muslims, particularly those from low and middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Incorporating guidance from the Prophetic guidance may assist in reducing oral health inequalities while simultaneously addressing the implications of cultural diversity on national oral health promotion messages.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 sent shock waves though the world’s wheat market. The world price of wheat jumped from about $8 per ton to more than $13 per ton within a few days. The markets feared that wheat supplies from the region – which account for a third of the world’s wheat harvest – would be disrupted.

Before his conversion to Roman Catholicism, Hopkins acquired a copy of the Vulgate Latin Bible for future use and returned his copy of the King James Bible to his unhappy father. From a Bible-centred Protestant perspective, much of the doctrine on which he was to meditate as a Jesuit poet is non-scriptural, and could be described as Catholic accretions. This chapter reveals that Catholic versions of the Bible underwent revision down the centuries, as Protestant versions did, and that Victorian Catholics were not forbidden to read the Bible. A new Holy Catholic Bible is adorned with an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary in glory. The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary was promulated in 1854, further widening the gap between Protestant and Catholic teaching. But for Hopkins, the unpublished laureate of the Blessed Virgin, the (unscriptural) Immaculate Conception lay at the heart of his faith.