Nancy Henry examines the mid-century coexistence of trains and horses and argues that horses became industrialised, machine-like commodities as they entered a new place in the cultural imagination. Railway construction in the 1840s meant that by the 1850s novelists recognised the coexistence of train and horse travel and raised questions about their economic and physical dependence on both mechanical and animal forms of power. The number of horses actually increased dramatically during the railway age as horses were needed to access stations and to carry freight to be loaded onto trains, and this led to an increasing number of accidents which figured as the focus of anxieties about risk, danger, and the unexpected. Henry observes a tipping point in the relationship between the Victorians and progress that manifests in this case in fictional narratives of travel accidents that generated plots of financial loss, disfigurement, and death.

Introduces the book through a discussion of two cases. The first is Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, which overturned Roe v. Wade, and in which the dissenting justices suggested that the majority’s decision to do so was unwise. The second is Rucho v. Common Cause, in which the Court concluded that courts lack the capacity to resolve claims concerning excessive partisanship in gerrymandering. Together, the cases help illustrate the book’s themes: the inescapable role of judgment in judicial decision-making and the accumulation of ways in which changes in courts, the legal profession, and the culture more broadly have come to undermine judgment’s role.

This chapter focuses on additional mechanisms for channeling judicial behavior that can be regarded as products of the developments surveyed in the Chapters 4, 5, and 6. One is judicial specialization. The other is the rise of algorithmic-seeming interpretive methodologies, specifically textualism and originalism. The chapter critiques the methods and emphasizes that, despite some proponents’ efforts to portray them otherwise, neither succeeds at eliminating judgment from its central role in judging.

Based on a review using the new criteria for empirically supported treatments, this chapter emphasizes exposure with response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder, a treatment that has strong research support. Cognitive therapy is also discussed. Credible components of treatment include exposure, behavioral experiments, and cognitive reappraisal. A sidebar also reviews treatments for body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation.

This chapter explains how the distinction between physical and metaphysical cosmologies contributed to the rise of modern democracy. Ezrahi argues that the division of Nature from God and Culture has created a space for human agency and democratic practices. This dichotomy has also facilitated the alliance between science and democracy, with science gaining authority in representing Nature in relation to societal norms. The text further discusses the imposition of Western cosmologies on non-Western societies under the guise of modernization. It references the work of anthropologist Philippe Descola, who categorizes cosmologies based on configurations of physicalities and interiorities, identifying four types: totemism, analogism, animism, and naturalism. The chapter also explores how these different cosmologies manifest in various societies globally. It emphasizes the transformative impact of modern science on societal beliefs and commonsense, highlighting the role of encyclopedias and dictionaries in this transformation process. The global influence of Western science and technology is also discussed, particularly their perceived neutrality and universality. It also notes how different cosmologies often borrow elements from each other, often stripped of their original context. Lastly, it touches upon the presence of animism in Western childhood culture.

Americans are big consumers of sugar, eating and drinking some 66 pounds each of it per year, on average. This is not just a dietary issue; it is also a big trade issue. The United States imports sugar from the tropical climes of the Caribbean, which has the natural conditions suited for growing sugar cane. But sugar imports are much less now than they once were – not because Americans have cut back on sugar consumption but because low-cost imports were hurting domestic cane producers in Florida and Louisiana. To help them out, the federal government began restricting imports decades ago. (Just ask any representative or senator from those states whether they believe free trade in sugar would be a good idea.)

This chapter presents a case study analysing the challenges and lessons learned from Bahrain’s gas inventory reporting initiative. The analysis focuses on environmental data openness and the experience gained from Bahrain’s National Communications to the UNFCCC. Unfortunately, many regional organisations have varying amounts of experience in data collection, warehousing, and governance. This chapter argues that open environmental data and good data governance could contribute a great deal toward ensuring accountability and transparency. The case study covers challenges faced in Bahrain’s National Communications from 2005 to 2020. It addresses the primary challenges in the greenhouse gas (GHG) Inventory data process and recommends robust data governance practices to improve accuracy, reliability, and transparency in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change GHG inventory data collection. Through analysing past challenges from GHG inventory reporting, the findings underscore the importance of open data, data quality assurance, standardised methodologies, and stakeholder engagement in promoting data transparency and improving the effectiveness of GHG inventory reporting. The chapter also points to best practices globally for GHG inventory data management and then proposes an adapted data governance framework for the GHG inventory. The framework outlines the essential aspects of data governance and proposes a framework for designing effective data governance structures within organisations.

This chapter explores the critiques of modern liberal democracy presented by Carl Schmitt and Michel Foucault. Both thinkers challenge the foundational premises of liberal democracy, questioning the role of the individual citizen as a political agent. Foucault, through his concept of power, challenged the view of the modern individual as a free political agent. For Schmitt, the rivalry between friend and foe is so deep that it politicizes all other areas. In his view, antagonism between communities is the driving force of political life. The analysis extends to Bruno Latour, who challenges the dualistic cosmology inherent in modern democracy. Latour proposes a secular monistic cosmology, blurring distinctions between Nature/Culture, individuals and objects. He criticizes the reliance on external facts and on the separation between subject and object. Latour proposes the mother tongue as a basis for commonsense, but unlike the perception of liberal democracy, it does not rely on a scientific epistemology of cause and effect or objectivity. The chapter contends that the decay of democratic practices and the widening gap between democratic ideals and realities may necessitate novel imaginaries.

This chapter presents an operational test of indifference versus incompleteness. Indifference obtains when two alternatives have the same sets of more preferred and the same sets of less preferred options. This definition turns out to be equivalent to declaring indifference when a trade of alternatives cannot convert a harmless sequence of trades into a sequence that takes an agent from a better to a worse option. Incompleteness obtains when a trade of unranked alternatives makes a harmful sequence of trades possible. The distinction resolves the puzzle that agents frequently cannot strictly rank alternatives even though classical economic theory claims that indifference is rare. When an agent’s preferences are allowed to be incomplete, pairs of alternatives where no preference obtains will abound. Indifference on the other hand nearly disappears.

Current societal expectations, theory and research conclude that effective teachers meet students’ needs by encouraging responsibility and having active control of their class, within a context that develops positive relationships. This chapter presents corrective strategies that have been curated to be consistent with this approach. They particularly draw from research that focuses on maintaining high expectations and structure, developing positive student–teacher relationships, treating disengagement and its associated behavioural challenges in students as opportunities to teach about self and others, and maximising student autonomy wherever possible. This approach is referred to as authoritative teaching.

Although poetic modernism marked the height of Gerard Manley Hopkins’s seminal influence, British, American, and postcolonialist poets around the globe (including in Ireland, Nigeria, Australia, Canada, and the Caribbean) continue to engage intensely with his work. Many have learned to write in their own idiosyncratic voices while honouring or debating with Hopkins, and even while intentionally echoing his innovative techniques or his ecological and spiritual themes. The topic of Hopkins’s poetic legacies is ripe for further scholarly attention. Even a brief assessment of writers he has influenced reveals that his voice has deeply shaped the contours of contemporary anglophone verse.

The problems that afflict Pareto efficiency can be overcome if the criterion is rebuilt on preference-free foundations. A policy change passes the ‘availability test’ if it allows agents to afford whatever they purchased originally: Agents might not then be better off but no one can legitimately object to the change. One way to pass the availability test is to give agents the right to repeat their original transactions; a reform of rent control serves as an example. A second strategy stabilizes prices for consumers while letting the prices that firms face promote efficiency in production. A deregulation of a public utility, for example, can preserve consumer prices while giving firms an incentive to innovate. These policy alternatives show how to resolve the Schumpeterian dilemma of creative destruction: They harness the progressive feature of capitalism, that it fosters technological change, while protecting the individuals who can be harmed by the same forces. Conventional laissez-faire policies are in contrast difficult to justify even from within the orbit of traditional economic theory and can generate bitter social conflict. An application to opening an economy to free trade shows how to combine the advantages of technological change while satisfying the availability test.

In this chapter, my aim is to characterize settlement patterns and social organization from the end of the second century BC to the middle of the first century AD in the areas of Britain which became the Roman Province of Britannia. The aim is not to provide a detailed account of the archaeology of the period, for it is already the subject of a considerable and growing specialist literature which deserves a fuller synthesis than space here allows. Instead the salient characteristics are discussed and themes introduced which are to be taken up in the remainder of this volume. These themes are particularly related to the development of the agricultural economy and its productive capacity; regional variations in the settlement pattern, and thus perhaps social formation; and the organization of social power. These aspects will be treated in more detail than has been customary in recent studies of Roman Britain, as to understand its Romanization we must first understand what pre-Roman Britain was like.

This chapter discusses the Islamic perspectives on public health which emphasize the promotion of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. Islamic teachings encourage preventive measures such as personal hygiene, nutritious food, and spiritual rituals. Islamic leaders stress the importance of providing accessible health care to all individuals, caring for vulnerable populations, and incorporating Islamic teachings and ethical values into modern medical knowledge. Contemporary Islamic perspectives prioritize preventive measures, accessible health care, addressing social determinants of health, community responsibility, and ethical medical practice.