In June of 2016, voters in the United Kingdom narrowly approved a referendum on leaving the European Union (EU), a common market wherein labor, capital, and goods and services are free to move between countries without impediment. The vote in favor of Britain’s exit – or “Brexit” – set in motion a process by which the country would leave the EU within two years.

Chapter 3 presents localized peace enforcement theory. It first discusses the challenges facing individuals involved in a communal dispute. Reflecting on these obstacles to peaceful dispute resolution, the chapter outlines a formal micro-level theory of dispute escalation between two individuals from different social groups who live in the same community. It explains how international intervention shapes escalation dynamics. The chapter then shifts the focus to local perceptions of intervener impartiality, which the theory posits are a key determinant of whether a UN intervention succeeds in preventing the onset of violence. The identifies the importance of multilateralism, diversity, and the nonuse of force as critical factors shaping local perceptions and, as a result, UN peacekeeping effectiveness. Critically, the theory does not suggest that UN peacekeepers will always succeed, or that all kinds of UN peacekeepers will succeed. Indeed, perceptions of UN peacekeepers vary depending on the troop-contributing country and the identity of the civilians involved in the dispute. The chapter closes with a discussion of the most important hypotheses derived from the theory.

The establishment of British dominance within the colonial political economy of science had to do with how the material was put to use, and in particular, at this moment, the systematic, intellectual possession of Asia through the placing of data about Asia within local theoretical and taxonomic systems. This chapter examines the practices of orientalists and naturalists at India House and the Company’s colleges. For both orientalists and naturalists (i.e. for both philosophical history and philosophical natural history), questions of classification and ordering were paramount. In nearly every discipline, the growing mass of information was seen as both a boon and a crisis. Orientalists, political economists and naturalists at work at India House and the colleges thus focused in similar ways on questions of systematics (i.e. how to produce knowledge through the sorting, classification and comparison of information). It would be only later in the nineteenth century, when modes and practices of European science began to establish a global presence, that the long-term consequences of the growing cultures of science in Britain would become clear. In the early nineteenth century, however, the philosophical and taxonomic work of Company science in Britain was – although certainly deeply acquisitive and possessive – by and large a provincial, inward-looking world.

Examining the cultural and religious context of male homosociality and homosexuality from the time of Hopkins’s undergraduate career at Oxford and throughout his life, this chapter introduces key primary sources for considering the place of queerness in the poet’s life and work. The chapter also explores the reception of Hopkins in queer studies, and the reception of Hopkins’s queerness in Hopkins studies.

In late 2017, the US economy was nearing full employment. Unemployment was at a 40-year low of 4.2%, yet President Trump and the Republican-controlled Congress embarked upon a policy of tax cuts. The Federal Reserve, seeking to avoid overheating the economy, tightened monetary policy, raising interest rates. In other words, the two policies were working in opposite directions. The dollar rose in value, making US exports more expensive to foreigners, making imports cheaper to Americans, and thus worsening the trade deficit. How and why these events played out motivates the development of the model in this chapter.

Further focusing on the topics from the previous chapter, this section identifies the factors within a school that potentially impact student engagement. It starts by illustrating the way that affective and cognitive engagement may affect behaviour within a school environment and then illustrates this concept by exploring the potential role of teacher–student relationships, curriculum and instruction, classroom environment, peers, opportunities for choice in areas such as uniforms and student governance, and feeling safe, especially in periods of transition across and within schools. In each situation, the chapter will examine the research for effective practice and connect various approaches to their influence on engagement.

This chapter explores the erosion of trust in public facts and the crisis within commonsense conceptions of reality. It traces the evolution of scientific practices, emphasizing the role of early experimental scientists like Robert Boyle in grounding them. Ezrahi argues that the contemporary breakdown of epistemological norms, which previously upheld facts as sociopolitical currency, inevitably undermines the foundations of contemporary democracy. The citizens' diminished confidence in understanding why political actors behave in specific ways, coupled with the disparities between motives and visible effects, fosters the proliferation of conspiracy theories. The current breakdown of epistemological norms manifests itself in the “post truth” era and the ascent of “alternative facts.” Ezrahi scrutinizes the challenges of discerning facts from opinions in journalism and underscores the perils of exposure to fake news. The chapter investigates the erosion of a shared commonsense perception of reality through the lens of the Brexit campaign and the Trump presidency. Ezrahi highlights that the blurring of the cosmological dichotomy between Nature and humans has made it increasingly challenging for the public to differentiate between facts and fiction. Finally, he advocates for an awareness of the public’s role in defining political causes and facts.

The Green’s function method is among the most powerful and versatile formalisms in physics, and its nonequilibrium version has proved invaluable in many research fields. With entirely new chapters and updated example problems, the second edition of this popular text continues to provide an ideal introduction to nonequilibrium many-body quantum systems and ultrafast phenomena in modern science. Retaining the unique and self-contained style of the original, this new edition has been thoroughly revised to address interacting systems of fermions and bosons, simplified many-body approaches like the GKBA, the Bloch equations, and the Boltzmann equations, and the connection between Green’s functions and newly developed time-resolved spectroscopy techniques. Small gaps in the theory have been filled, and frequently overlooked subtleties have been systematically highlighted and clarified. With an abundance of illustrative examples, insightful discussions, and modern applications, this book remains the definitive guide for students and researchers alike.

This chapter explores Gerard Manley Hopkins’s relationship to the tradition of the ode, most especially in his poem ‘The Wreck of the Deutschland’. It traces Hopkins’s scholarly interest in the odes of antiquity, particularly those of Pindar, and examines how this engagement with the classical tradition shaped ‘The Wreck’. ‘The Wreck’ is then contextualized within Romantic and Victorian approaches to the ode through comparisons with major odes by John Milton, William Wordsworth, and Lord Alfred Tennyson. Hopkins’s engagement with the ode embodies a Romantic concern with personal feeling but shares his fellow Victorians’ concern with the ode as a poem of public occasion while retaining the explicitly Christian orientation that animated Milton’s use of the form. The chapter closes with a brief consideration of Hopkins’s unrealized plans to write an ode on the life of the Jesuit martyr Edmund Campion.

This chapter explores the impact of science and technology’s objectifying gaze on society, Culture, and politics throughout history. It discusses how this gaze has turned the world into an object and humans into observers, diminishing moral, psychological, and political aspects. The chapter analyzes the duality of objectification, which renders man-made objects external despite embodying human values and actions. It examines the Industrial Revolution as a pivotal historical context where technology was seen as a mark of progress and an embodiment of objective Nature. Eventually, the human choices and interests behind technology were exposed, leading to the reconsideration of technologies from ethical, economic, political, and aesthetic viewpoints. The chapter also points to the ambivalence surrounding technology, including both fear and admiration, and how the disillusionment with technology has impacted the democratic epistemological framework. Additionally, it discusses the influence of philosophers-scientists like Descartes and Newton on modern dualistic cosmology, highlighting how science and technology have shaped various socio-political fields such as law, medicine, economics, and political science.

This chapter investigates the interaction between people and their built environments to understand the drivers of occupants’ indoor comfort and related energy behaviors. The study surveys 2,600 participants divided into high and low consumer categories, examining the relationship between human indoor comfort perceptions, occupants’ characteristics, and building features. The chapter concludes with an in-depth analysis of the relationship between comfort perceptions and consumption, consequence awareness, self-responsibility, habits, and norms. Furthermore, the chapter introduces a human–building interaction (HBI) concept mapping, which serves as a comprehensive and adaptable framework for guiding evaluation and planning processes in the field. By considering occupant comfort and energy use as fundamental elements in sustainable building design and operation, the introduced integrated framework aims to provide a reliable and flexible tool for analyzing and optimizing building performance. Ultimately, this framework can be utilized to develop targeted strategies that enhance the efficiency of energy policies and sustainability performance indicators, thereby facilitating the transition to net zero and carbon-neutral buildings.