Overview

This chapter addresses three primary concerns. First, what kind of political settlement is operating in the newly formed state of Chhattisgarh. Second, what has been the impact of (class) interest on the state apparatus with respect to agricultural policies. Third, in the era of liberalisation, has the market's free play caused a retreat of the state from the sector of agriculture? Additionally, with regard to the consequences of prevailing agricultural policies, if the existing three proprietary classes have transformed themselves, remained unaffected, or have been replaced by new classes since the formation of the state. Land acquisition policy and the political economy around it have been addressed as well. Simultaneously, the implications of these policies on the different fractions of rich farmers and their means of accumulation alongside the other two dominant proprietary classes – industrial capitalist and petty bourgeoisie – have been developed.

Chhattisgarh was created under the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000. Its creation was more a decision of the national political parties than having been driven by the struggle for regional autonomy under the Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha (Berthet and Kumar, 2011; Tillin, 2013). The popular story is that the high proportion of tribal (adivasi) population, who had a claim to a separate state, was the basis for the formation of the state. The new state would make things favourable for the tribal population, who would then be able to assert themselves more in the new political entity; this would turn development in their favour. However, arguably, this was not the only reason for the new state formation. The concentration of natural resources fostered the need to make the region into a political entity, so as to facilitate smoother economic access to the resources (Berthet and Kumar, 2011). The state has registered high incidence of food insecurity and low human development. What really has happened since to the political economy unfolds in the following sections.

Geographically, Chhattisgarh is divided into hills in the north and south and plains in the centre. The total population of the state is 26 million (approx.) as per the 2011 census. Scheduled Tribes, who form one-third of the population, inhabit the hills. The Scheduled Castes (11.61 per cent) and other communities, including the Other Backward Classes, form the remaining 55 per cent of the population and live in the central plains.

This final chapter demonstrates how the catastrophe (CAT) models described in previous chapters can be used as inputs for CAT risk management. CAT model outputs, which can translate into actionable strategies, are risk metrics such as the average annual loss, exceedance probability curves, and values at risk (as defined in Chapter 3). Practical applications include risk transfer via insurance and CAT bonds, as well as risk reduction, consisting of reducing exposure, hazard, or vulnerability. The forecasting of perils (such as tropical cyclones and earthquakes) is explored, as well as strategies of decision-making under uncertainty. The overarching concept of risk governance, which includes risk assessment, management, and communication between various stakeholders, is illustrated with the case study of seismic risk at geothermal plants. This scenario exemplifies how CAT modelling is central in the trade-off between energy security and public safety and how large uncertainties impact risk perceptions and decisions.

Summarizes the industrial policies of Japan since the late nineteenth century, especially since World War II, emphasizing its rivalry with the US.

Working as a consultant psychiatrist and started doing GMC. I Depressed again and tried various antidepressants, hating being off work. Admitted to the Scottish Borders Hospital, where I had been a consultant, and had ECT; I also started olanzapine and put on a lot of weight. A change in psychiatrist and also in diagnosis was difficult.

I build upon the earlier discussion – in Chapter 3 – of internal forms of social "tiering" and exclusion to further interrogate the politics of belonging in Gulf monarchies, this time through the employment of foreign labor. I disentangle the ways in which foreign labor plays a role in the shaping and consolidation of the national community, and I distinguish among European "expats," non-GCC Arabs, Asian and African laborers. I argue that labor from the three different categories play similar but also distinct roles in the delineation of national community: While they are differentially incorporated in ways that protect the "nation" and appease the citizen-subject, varying degrees of marginality reflect Gulf society’s perceptions or aspirations of the difference between itself and "the other(s)." Additionally, I examine some of the peculiarities of the importation, organization and incorporation of foreign labor, connect them to the normative tradition, and consider how they serve the ruler’s objective to manage and control society.

Examining five prominent Afro-descendant artists creating theatre in contemporary France, Miller first enquires about the ambiguous concept of francophonie by considering the potential for ghettoizing work when it is produced in venues destined exclusively for theatre from the French-speaking world outside France. A portrait of Black Francophone theatre emerges, in which Black playwrights capture the current malaise of people still defined by the dominant French gaze, the potency of which is only now beginning to diminish. Kossi Éfoui conjures parables where puppet-like characters cannot think themselves outside the confining walls built by others. Koffi Kwahulé places fragments of a personality ravished by a madman with Christ’s eyes, in dialogue with each other. Aristide Tarnagda confronts self-exiled beings with a plethora of reasons for their alienation. Gustave Akakpo takes Little Red Riding Hood on a voyage on which her consumerist parents want to sell her image. Marie NDiaye places offstage the nonetheless omnipresent forces that fuel the perverse and destructive energy of characters on stage. Experimentation with voicing and characterization, collage, absent presence and fractured fairy tale plunges audiences into a universe of constant danger, while gesturing to the possibility of liberation through leaps of empathy and imagination.

This chapter concludes the volume as a whole; however, it amounts to much more than the mere sum of its parts. Its purpose is to draw together the salient points of the preceding chapters and present the professional learning of English language teachers as a sociocultural process. The chapter then situates professional teachers in communities of practice. However, because traditional communities of practice do not fully meet their needs, professional development communities for English language teaching (ELT) practitioners are proposed. A principled approach to building such communities is put forward, and exemplars of professional development communities in action in diverse ELT contexts are presented. At the very end, the chapter highlights avenues for the future exploration of teacher professionalism, both conceptual and empirical, and offers recommendations for teacher education and professional development, as well as educational research. Regarding ways forward, professional ELT should be viewed in terms of three meta-dimensions: lifelong learning, classroom ethnography, and educational leadership.

The chapter examines the role of forced displacement in increasing the demand for state intervention and expanding the size of the state bureaucracy in West Germany. It discusses the government elites’ strategies for dealing with the needs of expellees and receiving communities and reviews expellees’ ability to influence government policy. Statistical analysis is used to demonstrate that counties with a greater proportion of expellees to population had more civil servants per capita.

This chapter proposes Haitian song and opera as untapped sources for literary analysis and important forerunners in the development of Haitian literature. It demonstrates how the early writers of Haiti used music to challenge the country’s foreign detractors and showcase its artistic achievement, preserving regional vernaculars, offering social commentary, and eloquently heightening the irony of Haiti’s freedom in a world of ‘enlightened’ enslavers. It looks at the contributions of Juste Chanlatte (1766–1828), a prominent Haitian statesman and writer whose many songs and two operas left an indelible mark on early Haitian music and letters. Next, it expounds on the popularity and political expediency of a particular musical-literary genre: the contrafactum. Created by setting original Haitian lyrics to preexisting French melodies, the genre enjoyed a remarkable efflorescence in early Haiti with over one hundred examples published from 1804 to 1820. Through analyses of two musical works by Chanlatte, the chapter shows how early Haitians gave topical relevance to the music of their former French oppressors and literary expression to the ambitions of their nation.

For a book that attempts to explain how to understand visuals in life sciences, it seems prudent to first explain what we mean by “visual,” even if it may seem quite a common word.

In everyday conversation, “visual” is often used as an adjective and means “relating to seeing or sight,” as in “visual impression” or “visual effect.” In the context of this book, “visual” is used similarly as an adjective, but in addition, and more often, it is used as a noun. As a noun, it refers to the variety of images used in life science communication. For example, photographs are a type of visual commonly used in life science communication, and so are drawings.

Summarizes the industrial policies of India since World War II, particularly how the country transitioned from a mild form of socialism to a directionless form of capitalism.

Although the 13 United States courts of appeals are the final word on 99 percent of all federal cases, there is no detailed account of how these courts operate. How do judges decide which decisions are binding precedents and which are not? Who decides whether appeals are argued orally? What administrative structures do these courts have? The answers to these and hundreds of other questions are largely unknown, not only to lawyers and legal academics but also to many within the judiciary itself. Written and Unwritten is the first book to provide an inside look at how these courts operate. An unprecedented contribution to the field of judicial administration, the book collects the differing local rules and internal procedures of each court of appeals. In-depth interviews of the chief judges of all 13 circuits and surveys of all clerks of court reveal previously undisclosed practices and customs.

Chapter 6 narrates the 2nd Texas’ post Shiloh service record, including the bloody battle of Corinth in October 1862, which resulted in the martyred death of Colonel Rogers. Although there were questions surrounding his death, a celebratory tale of him took shape, portraying him as a martyr for the Confederate cause. After Corinth, the 2nd Texas had transformed into an elite fighting unit, but the stigma of Shiloh seemed to linger. The chapter closes with their final days in Galveston, depleted and demoralized.

Isaiah is resistance literature: The authors of this book knew the claims of different empires, and argued against them. Much of the first thirty-nine chapters of the book were written in the Assyrian period, when the Assyrian empire tried to force the elites of other Near Eastern kingdoms to accept the legitimacy of Assyrian domination. In a carefully-formulated program of subversive reading, passages in Isa 1–39 react against Assyrian claims of empire, arguing that Yhwh, rather than the king of Assyria, is the universal sovereign. “Isaiah and Empire” by Shawn Zelig Aster shows how passages in Isa 2, 10, and 37 react against Assyrian claims of empire. But just as these chapters react against Assyrian claims, so do Isa 40–45 react against the later imperial propaganda of Cyrus. These chapters claim that Yhwh, rather than the Babylonian god Marduk, sent Cyrus, and argue that Cyrus was sent to benefit Jerusalem, rather than Babylon.

Although the 13 United States courts of appeals are the final word on 99 percent of all federal cases, there is no detailed account of how these courts operate. How do judges decide which decisions are binding precedents and which are not? Who decides whether appeals are argued orally? What administrative structures do these courts have? The answers to these and hundreds of other questions are largely unknown, not only to lawyers and legal academics but also to many within the judiciary itself. Written and Unwritten is the first book to provide an inside look at how these courts operate. An unprecedented contribution to the field of judicial administration, the book collects the differing local rules and internal procedures of each court of appeals. In-depth interviews of the chief judges of all 13 circuits and surveys of all clerks of court reveal previously undisclosed practices and customs.

When Catherine Flowers in her memoir, Waste (2020), records how Lowndes County, Alabama, ‘inhabited largely by poor Black people who, like me, are descendants of slaves’, has a serious problem of waste accumulation in people's 1homes, she points to not just the present and future defined by sewage but to a certain past, a racialized history of land- and people-use. Flowers writes:

Flowers's advocacy-text-cum-memoir documents the acute distress of environmental injustice in areas populated mainly by coloured people and highlights the links between histories of transnational slavery, race, capitalism and contemporary American culture, especially government funding, policies and welfare measures. Environmental harm stems from a history of other kinds of harm suffered by the African Americans, argues Flowers.

The events in Lowndes originate elsewhere, and Flowers’ memoir is not merely an exercise in toxichorography – a portmanteau term for chorographic accounts that have toxified ecosystems and communities as their key theme – but presents us with planetary histories of environmental and social injustices, with the two forms of injustice being interlinked.

From a different context, Chen Qiufan in his novel Waste Tide (2019) giving us the backstory of Scott Brandle, a researcher for TerraGreen Recycling Co., Ltd., writes of the research group that wished to study ‘the impact of illegal logging on the environment and native tribes [in Papua New Guinea] with the goal of forcing the local government to crack down on illegal logging’ (unpaginated). This study was not, Brandle recognizes, for either environmental (the forests) or social or civic (the tribes) reasons, but to ensure that the ‘Rimbunan Hijau Group could be given a monopoly on the lumber supplies of Papua New Guinea’. Qiufan, through the thoughts of Brandle, calls the bluff when he writes: ‘[T]he so-called sustainable development was … just another name for legalized looting’ (unpaginated). Qiufan's toxichorography of Papua New Guinea reveals the toxic economy that inflects even the environmentalisms in our time where the environmental harm for the natives emerges from the calculation of environmental benefits that will accrue for the Rimbunan Hijau Group.