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From the Renaissance to the nineteenth century, Latin and Greek were compulsory subjects in almost all European universities, and most early modern scholars published their research and conducted international correspondence in Latin. Latin had continued in use in Western Europe long after the fall of the Roman Empire as the lingua franca of the educated classes and of law, diplomacy, religion and university teaching. The flight of Greek scholars to the West after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 gave impetus to the study of ancient Greek literature and the Greek New Testament. Eventually, just as nineteenth-century reforms of university curricula were beginning to erode this ascendancy, developments in textual criticism and linguistic analysis, and new ways of studying ancient societies, especially archaeology, led to renewed enthusiasm for the Classics. This collection offers works of criticism, interpretation and synthesis by the outstanding scholars of the nineteenth century.

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502 results in Cambridge Library Collection - Classics

Page 1 of 26

Alexander's Empire
  • John Pentland Mahaffy
  • Appendix by Arthur Gilman
  • Published online:
    05 June 2016
    Print publication:
    02 October 2014
    First published in:
    1887
  • The classical scholar J. P. Mahaffy (1839–1919) is known equally for his work on Greek texts and Egyptian papyri (his edition of The Flinders Petrie Papyri is reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection). He graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, and spent the rest of his working life there, ultimately as provost from 1914 until his death. In this illustrated 1887 work, Mahaffy describes Alexander's extraordinary conquest of territories in Europe, Africa and Asia, the collapse of his empire after his death, and the later subjugation of the successor kingdoms to the power of Rome. With his American collaborator Arthur Gilman (1837–1909), Mahaffy discusses Alexander's place in history before giving a close account of his career and death. The successor dynasties, and dominant rulers such as Demetrius II and Pyrrhus, their feuds and their attempted resistance to the rise of Rome, are depicted in an engaging and dramatic narrative.

Cicero, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum
  • Libri Quinque
  • Johan Nicolai Madvig, Marcus Tullius Cicero
  • Published online:
    05 February 2016
    Print publication:
    02 November 2010
    First published in:
    1839
  • Published in Copenhagen in 1879, this Cambridge edition is the third edition of Cicero's De Finibus by Johan Nicolai Madvig (1804–1886), first published in 1839. A Danish politician and leading classical scholar at the University of Copenhagen, Madvig was critical of what he considered careless German scholarship, and he sought a return to a truer manuscript tradition. His work focussed on Cicero and culminated in the first edition of De Finibus, which defined the standard for sound textual criticism. De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (On the Ends of Good and Evil) is the most extensive of Cicero's works, in which he criticises three ancient philosophical schools of thought: Epicureanism, Stoicism, and the Platonism of the Academy of Antiochus. This third edition contains a revised preface outlining Madvig's method of ranking texts, and the five books of De Finibus.

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
  • William Smith
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    28 March 2013
    First published in:
    1842
  • First published in 1842, this extensive reference work was edited and written in large part by the eminent lexicographer and classicist Sir William Smith (1813–93). Knighted in 1892, Smith was one of the major figures responsible for the revival of classical teaching and scholarship in Britain. He also made contributions to biblical study, editing a series of reference works on the subject. His three-volume Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology is also reissued in six parts in the Cambridge Library Collection. The present work is a massive achievement, running to well over a million words and copiously illustrated throughout with line drawings. It proved enduringly popular and was frequently reprinted throughout the nineteenth century. It is reissued now in two parts. The first part contains entries from abacus to lodix (a small shaggy blanket). The second part contains entries from logistai (Athenian officials) to zona (a girdle).

Geographi Graeci minores
  • Volume 2
  • Edited by Karl Müller
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    28 April 2010
    First published in:
    1861
  • Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller (1813–94), who wrote in Latin under the name Carolus Müllerus, was a German classicist whose monumental five-volume Fragmenta historicorum graecorum (also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection) remains an important resource today. Between 1855 and 1861, he also produced this valuable two-volume collection of the works of lesser-known Greek geographers. Volume 2 (1861) contains texts from the Roman imperial period, including Dionysius of Byzantium's Anaplus Bospori ('Voyage through the Bosphorus') and the work of Dionysius Periegetes, which is accompanied by Latin paraphrases from antiquity by Rufus Festus Avienus and Priscian, as well as the commentary on it by Eustathius of Thessalonica. The surviving Greek texts have parallel Latin translations, and Müller's extensive prolegomena (also in Latin) discusses what is known about the authors, their works and the manuscript sources.

Pausanias and Other Greek Sketches
  • James George Frazer
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    28 June 2012
    First published in:
    1900
  • Sir James Frazer (1854–1941) is best remembered for his monumental study of ancient religion, The Golden Bough (of which the first and third editions are both reissued in this series). He also produced a translation of and commentary on the Description of Greece of Pausanias, the second-century CE traveller and antiquarian, and the first piece in this 1900 compilation of Frazer's 'sketches' is the introductory essay to that work. Short descriptions then follow of the present-day appearance of over ninety places visited by Pausanias, and the work ends with an essay on Pericles and the effect of the period of his rule on the art and architecture of Athens. This fascinating work is imbued with Frazer's enthusiasm for, and knowledge of, the topography of ancient Greece, and will be of interest not only to scholars but also to visitors to the country.

The Philological Museum
  • Volume 1
  • Edited by Julius Charles Hare, Connop Thirlwall
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    13 November 2012
    First published in:
    1832
  • This short-lived classical journal (1831–3), edited by Julius Charles Hare (1795–1855) and Connop Newell Thirlwall (1797–1875), both fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, disseminated the new comparative philology. Developed primarily in Germany - both editors were fluent German speakers - this approach critiqued biblical and classical texts and was associated with a liberal Christianity which brought the editors into conflict with the university's religious conservatism. Hare left Cambridge in 1832 to take up the family living in Herstmonceaux, Sussex, while Thirlwall was dismissed in 1834 for supporting the admission of dissenters. Both editors nevertheless continued with ecclesiastical careers, Thirlwall becoming bishop of St David's and Hare archdeacon of Lewes. This 1832 volume, containing the journal's first three issues, illuminates the tensions between classical scholarship and Anglicanism as well as the development of specialised journals in an age of general literary reviews.

Pindari opera quae supersunt
  • Volume 2, Part 1
  • Edited by August Böckh
  • Pindar
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    31 October 2013
  • One of the foremost scholars of his day, the German classicist August Böckh (1785–1867) was chosen by the Berlin Academy of Sciences as the first editor of the monumental Corpus inscriptionum graecarum. Before that he had published this groundbreaking edition of the extant works of the Greek poet Pindar (c.522–c.443 BCE) in two volumes, the second being split into two parts. In the first volume Böckh had presented Pindar's victory odes (Epinikia), the only complete surviving works by the poet, alongside his own Latin treatise on metrics and extensive critical notes. In this first part of the second volume, published in 1819, the editor includes a lengthy Latin preface followed by the ancient Greek - primarily Alexandrian - scholia taken from the Codex Vratislaviensis. These commentaries on Pindar's works, by such writers as Aristarchus, Chrysippus, Aristodemus and Didymus, are also accompanied by the editor's notes.

Die Griechischen Tragödien mit Rücksicht auf den Epischen Cyclus
  • Volume 1
  • Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    10 April 2011
    First published in:
    1839
  • Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker (1784–1868) championed a comprehensive approach to antiquity, embracing history, literature, art and religion. This, and his openness to contemporary philosophical ideas about aesthetics and mythology, gave his work a visionary quality that inspired later figures as diverse as Usener and Wilamowitz. In this three-volume work on tragedy, his largest, published between 1839 and 1841, he attempts to reconstruct all the lost trilogies and tetralogies of Greek tragic theatre, insisting on their artistic unity, and demonstrating their fundamental debt to the Epic Cycle (which he had investigated in his Der Epische Cyclus, also reissued in this series). Amid much that is fantastic he made many brilliant discoveries, such that he must still be consulted by all serious students of the subject. Volume 1 deals with the period and plays of Aeschylus and Sophocles.

Pindar: Olympian and Pythian Odes
  • With an Introductory Essay, Notes, and Indexes
  • Edited by Basil L. Gildersleeve
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    10 June 2010
    First published in:
    1885
  • Basil L. Gildersleeve (1831–1924) was an American classicist who spent much of his career at Johns Hopkins University. This is his influential 1895 edition of Pindar's Olympian and Pythian Odes, a body of work notable for its insights into lyric poetry and modes of self-understanding. Gildersleeve's remarkable introductory essay outlines Pindar's lineage, patriotism, and poetic development, as well as his poetic themes and structures. It focuses particularly on Pindar's new approach to old themes, his view of government and the human condition, and his role as a conveyer of Greek ethics. The poems are presented in the original Greek, followed by extensive notes that gloss the historical specificities and grammatical structures. Gildersleeve's index highlights major characters, battles, forms and metaphors. Although the scholarly analysis later in the book is very thorough, Gilderdale's introduction itself is accessible to anybody interested in ancient Greek poetry.

Euripides: Hecuba, Iphigenia in Aulide, Iphigenia Taurica, Helena, Andromacha, Cyclops, Phoenissae, Orestes
  • Edited by Gottfried Hermann
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    31 October 2010
    First published in:
    1831
  • This book contains the Greek text of eight plays of Euripides edited by Johann Gottfried Hermann (1772–1848): Hecuba (1831), Iphigenia in Aulide (1831), Iphigenia Taurica (1833), Helena (1837), Andromacha (1838), Cyclops (1838), Phoenissae (1811), and Orestes (1841). The plays were published individually by Hermann and collected together at a later date. The Greek text of each play is supported by a critical apparatus containing a selection of variant readings between manuscripts and between printed editions. Each play is introduced by a Latin preface, discussing interpretative and text-critical issues and Hermann's theories on Greek poetic metre. Hermann's metrical theories had a significant impact on his editorial decisions and on the choices he made between variant readings in each play, and they influenced the direction of later Euripidean scholarship. Hermann's critical texts and prefaces therefore continue to be read by successive generations of scholars and students.

The Philological Museum
  • Volume 2
  • Edited by Julius Charles Hare, Connop Thirlwall
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    13 November 2012
    First published in:
    1833
  • This short-lived classical journal (1831–3), edited by Julius Charles Hare (1795–1855) and Connop Newell Thirlwall (1797–1875), both fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, disseminated the new comparative philology. Developed primarily in Germany - both editors were fluent German speakers - this approach critiqued biblical and classical texts and was associated with a liberal Christianity which brought the editors into conflict with the university's religious conservatism. Hare left Cambridge in 1832 to take up the family living in Herstmonceaux, Sussex, while Thirlwall was dismissed in 1834 for supporting the admission of dissenters. Both editors nevertheless continued with ecclesiastical careers, Thirlwall becoming bishop of St David's and Hare archdeacon of Lewes. This 1833 volume, containing the journal's last three issues, illuminates the tensions between classical scholarship and Anglicanism as well as the development of specialised journals in an age of general literary reviews.

Photiou Tou Patriarchou Lexeon Synagoge
  • E Codice Galeano Descripsit
  • Volume 1
  • Edited by Richard Porson, Peter Paul Dobree
  • Photius
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    15 July 2010
    First published in:
    1822
  • This work, first published in 1822, was edited by Peter Paul Dobree (1782–1825) who had been entrusted with the literary remains of the eminent classical scholar Richard Porson (1759–1808). It contains the text of a ninth-century Greek lexicon compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. The lexicon was a tool for Byzantine Greeks studying the works of ancient authors, whose language and vocabulary differed significantly from the day-to-day language spoken in the Byzantine Empire. The lexicon offers the modern scholar a wealth of information regarding ancient works that Photius had access to but are no longer extant. The edition is based on a transcription, made by Porson, of the only remaining manuscript of the lexicon: Codex Galeanus, in Trinity College Library, Cambridge. Volume 1 contains entries for the letters alpha to omicron. The edition has served as an important source for the study of Byzantine lexicography.

Aeschyli Tragoediae Quae Supersunt
  • Volume 4
  • Edited and translated by Samuel Butler, Thomas Stanley
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    17 February 2011
    First published in:
    1816
  • Aeschylus' Tragedies are here presented in the original Greek, with Latin translations, notes, scholia, and readings assembled by one of the eminent classical scholars of the nineteenth century, Samuel Butler (1774–1839). Based upon the monumental seventeenth-century commentary edition by Thomas Stanley, and drawing upon scholarship published in the intervening century, Butler's four volumes of the complete plays represent an important synthesis of early critical responses to Aeschylus. The history of Greek scholarship in England – from the labours of one its first and most influential interpreters, Stanley, to the efforts of one of its most respected teachers, Butler – is amply demonstrated in this set of works. This second part of the fourth volume contains Aeschylus' vita and fragments, together with a complete index to the edition. Headmaster of Shrewsbury School and later bishop of Lichfield, Butler is central to histories of classical scholarship and education in England.

Aeschyli Tragoediae Quae Supersunt
  • Volume 3
  • Edited and translated by Samuel Butler, Thomas Stanley
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    17 February 2011
    First published in:
    1812
  • Aeschylus' Tragedies are here presented in the original Greek, with Latin translations, notes, scholia, and readings assembled by one of the eminent classical scholars of the nineteenth century, Samuel Butler (1774–1839). Based upon the monumental seventeenth-century commentary edition by Thomas Stanley, and drawing upon scholarship published in the intervening century, Butler's five volumes of the complete plays represent an important synthesis of early critical responses to Aeschylus. The history of Greek scholarship in England – from the labours of one its first and most influential interpreters, Stanley, to the efforts of one of its most respected teachers, Butler – is amply demonstrated in this set of works. The third volume (1812) contains the Choephori and Eumenides in Greek, with Stanley's Latin translation and notes. Headmaster of Shrewsbury School and later bishop of Lichfield, Butler is central to histories of classical scholarship and education in England.

Die Griechischen Tragödien mit Rücksicht auf den Epischen Cyclus
  • Volume 2
  • Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker
  • Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    10 April 2011
    First published in:
    1839
  • Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker (1784–1868) championed a comprehensive approach to antiquity, embracing history, literature, art and religion. This, and his openness to contemporary philosophical ideas about aesthetics and mythology, gave his work a visionary quality that inspired later figures as diverse as Usener and Wilamowitz. In this three-volume work on tragedy, his largest, published between 1839 and 1841, he attempts to reconstruct all the lost trilogies and tetralogies of Greek tragic theatre, insisting on their artistic unity, and demonstrating their fundamental debt to the Epic Cycle (which he had investigated in his Der Epische Cyclus, also reissued in this series). Amid much that is fantastic he made many brilliant discoveries, such that he must still be consulted by all serious students of the subject. Volume 2 discusses Euripides, and the Trojan and Theban epic cycles.

Corpus Paroemiographorum Graecorum
  • Volume 2, Paroemiographi Graeci: Diogenianus, Gregorius Cyprius, Macarius, Aesopus, Apostolius et Arsenius, Mantissa Proverbiorum
  • Edited by E. L. von Leutsch, F. G. Schneidewin
  • Published online:
    05 October 2015
    Print publication:
    31 October 2010
    First published in:
    1851
  • Between 1839 and 1851 Ernest Ludwig von Leutsch (1808–1887) and Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin (1810–1856), classics professors at the University of Göttingen, published this collection of ancient paroimia or proverbs written or collected by ancient Greek authors. Volume 2 (reissued here in two parts) contains writings by Diogenianus, Gregorius Cyprianus, Marcarius, Aesop, Apostolius and Arsenius. A critical apparatus for each text cites the variant readings between the most important manuscripts and a running Latin commentary is given below the critical apparatus. The Corpus has long been considered the definitive collection of Greek paroemiography and the editorial methods underlying it are still followed by editors today. Unsurpassed in breath and scope, the Corpus remains an indispensable tool for students and scholars of the Greek proverbial tradition. It ranks as one of the outstanding achievements of nineteenth-century classical scholarship.

Strabonis Geographica
  • Graece cum versione reficta
  • Strabo
  • Edited by Karl W. F. Müller, Johann Friedrich Dübner
  • Published online:
    05 September 2015
    Print publication:
    05 March 2015
    First published in:
    1853
  • The Greek geographer and historian Strabo is known chiefly for this remarkable description of the known world in the early decades of the Roman Empire. The range and importance of the text ensured its copying and distribution in the medieval period, and multiple printed editions appeared later. Reissued here is the version published by the influential French publishing house Didot in 1853 as part of their series of Greek classics. It was prepared by the German classical scholars Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller (1813–94) and Johann Friedrich Dübner (1802–67). Müller's two-volume collection of the writings of lesser-known Greek geographers, Geographi Graeci Minores (1855–61), is also reissued in this series. The full text of Strabo's seventeen books is presented here in Greek with a parallel Latin translation as well as variant readings. Also included are several maps and a substantial index of names and places.

Der Epische Cyclus
  • Oder die Homerischen Dichter
  • Volume 1
  • Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker
  • Published online:
    05 August 2015
    Print publication:
    25 November 2010
    First published in:
    1835
  • Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker (1784–1868) was one of the most engaging and creative of German philologists during the formative period of modern classical scholarship; 'one of the heroes', Wilamowitz called him. Art, poetry and religion were to him all the same object of study, and a key to the world of Greek imagination and feeling. His attempt to grasp the meaning of all Greek mythology gave impetus to a still vigorous tradition. This work (in two volumes, first published 1835 and 1849) is his effort to recover the lost epics of the archaic period, and the conditions of their performance and transmission. If his adventurous reconstructions, here and in his companion work on Greek tragedy, do not always command assent, they offer many brilliant observations and insights. His influence has been as diffuse as it is unacknowledged; again and again one finds on reading him that Welcker said it first.

Politics of Aristotle
  • With an Introduction, Two Prefatory Essays and Notes Critical and Explanatory
  • Volume 3, Two Essays; Books III, IV and V – Text and Notes
  • Edited by W. L. Newman
  • Published online:
    05 August 2015
    Print publication:
    10 June 2010
    First published in:
    1902
  • William L. Newman (1834–1923) published Volume 3 of Politics of Aristotle in 1902. It contains his reconstructed text of books 3-5 with critical notes, commentary, and an introduction to the manuscript sources. Newman's reconstructed text is based on the edition of Susemihl (1872) and his own fresh collations of a number of manuscripts, including MS. Phillipps 891 (z), which contains William of Moerbeke's Latin translation. Newman's cautious text, always supported by extensive manuscript evidence, was widely regarded as an improvement on Bekker's more conjectural 1837 version. Newman's detailed commentary was highly praised and has been used for over a century by students of the Politics. As a scholar and pedagogue Newman had a significant impact on nineteenth-century classical studies. His four-volume edition of the Politics stands as a monument of Victorian scholarship and will continue to be read and studied by scholars and students of Aristotle.

The History of Greece
  • Volume 2
  • Ernst Curtius
  • Translated by Adolphus William Ward
  • Published online:
    05 August 2015
    Print publication:
    07 July 2011
    First published in:
    1869
  • The German archaeologist Ernst Curtius (1814–1896) published this seminal work in three volumes between 1857 and 1867. It quickly became a bestseller and was republished in numerous German editions. The work was translated into English by the eminent British historian Adolphus William Ward (1837–1924) who divided it into five volumes, published between 1868 and 1873. Volume 2 focuses on the themes of conflict and unity, with the second part of Book 2, and Book 3 which covers the Ionian revolt and the events that led to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. Curtius' History was a pioneering work of nineteenth-century classical scholarship. For many generations it provided an indispensable guide through the complex history of the ancient Greek world, and it continues to inspire researchers today.

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