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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 June 2025
The Caesarians in the senate now resisted Cicero’s calls for war and enacted an embassy to present terms to Antony. Antony refused those terms but offered terms of his own. Some proposed that a second embassy be dispatched, including Cicero among the ambassadors, but the idea was dropped. Brutus’ status in command of troops was regularized, but Cicero was unable to persuade the senate to appoint Cassius to a command. The Fourteenth Philippic recounts Antony’s defeat at Forum Gallorum. At the following Battle of Mutina, Antony was again defeated, and the siege of D. Brutus was lifted, but there was no effective follow-up since Octavian and D. Brutus quarreled. In the end, Cicero’s coalition fell apart, the Caesarian commanders all uniting under a single banner and imposing their rule and a new set of proscriptions to liquidate their enemies. Cicero was on the first proscription list and fell victim on December 7.
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