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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 June 2025
Cicero was mostly disappointed by the news from Rome, especially the fact that the consuls Antony and Dolabella had five-year governorships voted for them in an assembly. Cicero, meanwhile, cultivated A. Hirtius, designated consul for 43, with the dedication of the work On Fate. He also wrote On Glory, with reflections on Caesar’s short-lived glory, and the Topics for his friend Trebatius. His plan to visit his son, who was studying philosophy in Athens, having been thwarted by adverse winds, he resolved to return to Rome to join the opposition. His First Philippic, delivered on September 2, politely criticizes Antony’s policies. When Antony replied with a searing attack on Cicero, the orator replied in the undelivered Second Philippic. After writing On Duties, dedicated to his son, he returned to Rome and argued in the Third Philippic for regularizing the commands of Octavian and D. Brutus in opposition to Antony, an argument summarized before the people in the Fourth Philippic.
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