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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 June 2025
Cicero, though back in Rome, still had to regain control of his property, the Palatine house having been destroyed and replaced by a temple of Libertas (“Liberty”) by Clodius. The case was difficult, since property properly dedicated to a god was not to be put to profane use. Cicero argued his case before the college of pontiffs and won them over, as well as the senate, which returned the site to him and appropriated funds for reconstruction. In the new year, Cicero was busy in the courts, defending his political ally P. Sestius against a charge of violence and his protégé M. Caelius Rufus against the same charge. The two speeches both won acquittals and rank among his finest. Cicero’s forensic successes led him to reassert himself politically, but the three-man coalition (Caesar, Pompey, Crassus) was reaffirmed at the Council of Luca, and Cicero had to back down.
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