Index

Stephen C. Levinson

doi:10.1017/9781009570343.008

Index

adaptation, 2, 4

by culture, 61

for language, 5, 11

to multimodality, 7

address forms, 117, 131–132, 135

polite pronouns, 134–137

adjacency pairs, 23–24, 26, 46–47

expansions of, 47

insertions in, 48

aggression, 147, 159

in chimpanzees vs. humans, 147

in humans, 92

alloparenting, 70, 91, 152

in humans vs. apes, 85

and shared communication system, 85

altruism, 31, 83, 86

animism, 165–166

antiquity of language, 64

apes, 19

and empathy, 84

gestures of, 77

in mother–infant dyads, 91

limited cooperation among, 31

and theory of mind, 81

vocalizations, 59

apologies, 117

arcuate fasciculus, 5, 11

articulators, involved in communication, 17

ASD. See autism

assertions, 51

autism, 29, 93, 160

symtoms of, 157

bad news, ameliorating, 118

biases

in cognition, 103

interactional, 165

in language evolution, 2

in reasoning, 166

Bickerton, D., 105

biology, and language, 5, 10

bipedalism, and bodily signals, 161

Birdwhistell, R., xi

blinking, in interaction, 21

bonobos, 59, 155

Bougainville, 4

brain. See also encephalization

and intent recognition, 15

and language, 5, 11, 62, 160

oscillations, 66

and reading, 76

reorganization in H.ergaster, 62

brain imaging

and intent recognition, 15

and turn-taking, 38–39

breathing

and evolution of language, 61–62, 160

and speech, 63

and turn-taking, 40

and vertebral column, 61

Broca’s area, 5, 11, 62, 160

Brown, P., 119

Brown, R., 135–136

Campbell’s monkeys, 58

carrying capacity, for culture, 6, 8, 151

child development, 68, 149

children

care of, xii, 55. See also parenting

deaf, 12

development of, 68, 79

chimpanzees, 2, 59–60, 72, 107, 147

aggression in, 147

facial expressions, 162

fission/fusion groups, 113, 154

gestures of, 19, 59, 153

infant care, 85

vocalizations, 61

Chomsky, N., 2, 95, 105, 155

communication

bridging human vs. animal, 104, 149

broadcast system of, 111

continuities across primates, 55

Gricean, 14

origin of human, xii

systems of animal, 10, 54

without language, 1, 3, 11–13, 149

communicative signals vs. instrumental actions, 81

consciousness, prominence of interaction in, 167

constructions, linguistic, 103, 156

content analysis, of conversation, 113

contingency between utterances, 7, 23

conventions, 1, 15, 155

conversation

analysis, 38, 45, 47, 96, 132

and double tasking, 38

micro-politics of, 117

self-correcting character, 26

solves theory of mind imponderables, 112

conversational inference, 33, 165

and logical error, 166

conversational structure, 46–51

strongly universal, 50

conversational topics

among Ju/’hoansi (!Kung), 114

in English, 114

in Tenejapa vs. Rossel Island, 116

cooperation, 31, 108

and communication, 25, 32

vs. competition, 113

and empathy, 94

and evolutionary theory, 84, 109

in language use, 32, 54

and oxytocin, 93

cooperative parenting, 60. See also alloparenting

cooperative principle, 33

coordination in interaction, 25

cuteness, 70, 86

Japanese cult of, 86

releasers, 86

and selection, 89, 150

as runaway process, 90

and theory of mind, 91

Darwin, C., 84, 90, 92, 128, 141

Denisovans, 62

design features, of human communicative interaction, 26

diversity

vs. human commonality, 4

of language and culture, 2, 4, 9

of languages vs. fixed physiology, 149

of linguistic structure vs. use, 11

domestication, 92

self- or auto-, 92

Down syndrome, 29, 159

duetting, in animal communication, 56

Dunbar, R., 110, 112–113

Durkheim, E., 119

embedding. See recursion

empathy

cognitive and affective, 82

and communication, 104

and culture, 82

generalized in humans, 86

and oxytocin, 84

encephalization, group size and, 110

epistemics, 118

ethology

human, 5, 55

primate, 71

Evans, N., xiv

evolution

of infrastructure for language, 5

of language, 149, 151

puzzle of diversity, 5

exchange. See also grooming

delineates hierarchy, 138

of food, 138–139

intimate stuff vs. tribute, 134

laws of, 134

patterns as atoms of social systems, 139

symmetrical vs. asymmetrical, 133

of T vs. V pronouns, 136

valuation of, 133–142

face

challenges to, 102

as evolved for signalling, 162

hiding of, 124

loss of, 128

rituals of, 119, 130

strategies to preserve, 120

facial expressions, 17

facial recognition vs. voice recognition, 162

false-belief understanding, 82

first contact, 11

Fisher, R. A., 89–90

fission/fusion social structure, 112, 132, 151–152

fitness, 90, 94, 105, 109

and parenting strategy, 85

footing, 144

free riders, 94, 108

and evolutionary theory, 109

Frith, U., 157

games

prisoner’s dilemma, 109

zero-sum vs. coordination, 25

gaps in interaction. See also silence

sensitivity to, 40, 56, 161

gaze, 19, 22, 81

in apes, 60

and multimodality, 21

mutual, 86, 108

genes

ancient DNA, 62, 66

and language, 62, 64, 160

gesture, 19, 152

of apes, 52, 59–60, 104

early human protolanguage, 19, 60–61, 64, 71, 94, 105

in infancy, 71

and spatial cognition, 77, 150

Gilman, A., 136

gods, 4

Goffman, E., xi, 117, 121, 143

gorillas, 59

gossip, 109, 154

Gould, S. J., 86

grammar

and alternative phrasings, 101

as frozen conversational strategies, 103

and innateness, 103

and interaction, 96–104

interactional construction of, 97

and interactional sources, 95

grammatical relations, and spatial concepts, 74

grammaticalization, 74, 103

grandmothers, 85

greetings, 7, 22, 28, 143

Grice, H. P., 14, 16, 32–33, 121

grooming, 107, 110, 140

vs. gossip, 111

group selection, 32, 84

group size

cost of servicing, 108

predicted by encephalization, 110

Guugu Yimithirr, 73, 75, 77

Haeckel, E., 67

Hai||om, 75

hand

degrees of freedom of, 17

as possibly evolved for sign, 161

hearing sensitivity, and language, 62, 160

heterochrony, 68. See also neoteny

Hick’s Law, 36

hippocampus, 73–74, 80

and language, 75, 77

and social maps, 80

home sign, 12, 15, 82, 95

Homo erectus, 61–62, 94

Homo ergaster, 61

Homo habilis, 55

Homo heidelbergensis, 64

honorifics, 118, 135, 155. See also address forms

in patterns of exchange, 137

SE Asian levels, 137

Hrdy, S. B., 91–92, 147

human

early. See under Homo

variation, 2

Hurford, J., 105

Huxley, T. H., 3–4, 11

imagined dialogue, 159, 163

imperatives, 51, 98, 100

India, caste system, 138

indirection, 121, 155

Inhelder, B., 79

inner speech, 164

institutions, constructing, 142–147

intent recognition, 8, 25, 81

interaction

antagonistic vs. cooperative, 25

deprivation of, 163

design features of human, 26–29

driven by imbalances, 119

enables language, xii

face-to-face character, 17, 26

factors motivating intensity, 107–113

human adaptations for, 160

impairments of, 29, 159

niche for language use and acquisition, 156

of other animals, xii

and psychiatric conditions, 163

structure of, 24

with supernatural beings, 164

and synchronization, 160

time spent in, 107–108

under researched, xii, 167

interaction engine, 149

antiquity of, 106

bootstrapping into language, 55

coherence of parts, 29, 156

components of, 6–8, 54

layered evolution of, 151, 157

as layered system, 5

interaction social, caution in, 117

interactional abilities, 149

interbreeding, of ancient hominins, 66

interrogatives, 51

Jefferson, G., xi

joint attention, 16

joking, 115, 122

in matrilineal vs. patrilineal societies, 23, 122

Joyce, J., 163

Ju/’hoansi (!Kung), 114

Kendon, A., xi

Keynes, J. M., 165

kin, and natural selection, 31, 84

kinship, 3–4

atom, 122, 132

Labov, W., 113

language

acquisition, 16, 149, 156

dating of origin, 153

design space of, 10

diversity. See diversity

evolution, 10, 104

as symbolic code, 105

uniquely diverse communication system, 4

usage universals, 31

language production, 36

vs. comprehension, 36

and comprehension in parallel, 38

laughter, 128

lemur, 56

Levelt, W., 36

Lévi-Strauss, C., 122

lexicon, size of, 36

localism, 74, 76

Lorenz, K., 86–87, 90

Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis, 112

magic and witchcraft, 164

marmosets, 56

maxims of conversation, 33

meaning

by convention vs. inference, 12, 15

Grice’s theory of, 14

mind reading, 8

Mithin, S., 105

monkeys, xii, 56, 58, 162

Moser, M. B. & E., 73

motherese, 86

mother–infant relation, 59, 70, 85–86, 92, 152

multimodality, 6, 17, 60

binding problem, 19

and gaze, 21

in language evolution, 105

vs. vocal channel, 152

Nariokotome boy (fossil), 61

Neanderthal, 62

audition, 66

brain size, 92

language capacities, 62, 64, 153, 156

language characteristics, 153

technology, 63, 66

neoteny, 87–89

in the brain, 89

vs. heterochrony, 87

New Guinea, 11–12

island of, 3

languages of, 4

Newton, I., 165

O’Keefe, J., 73

ontogeny, recapitulating phylogeny, 67

opioides, upregulated in humans, 107

orangutans, 60

oratory, 145

and political leadership, 145

other minds. See theory of mind

oxytocin, 93, 152, 157–158

pandemic, xi, 163

parenting, 85–86. See also alloparenting

pauses, and negative inferences, 41

phoneme inventories, 4

Piaget, J., 79, 86, 166

Planer, R., 105

plans, reconstructing in comprehension, 24

pointing, 19, 71, 79

politeness, 107, 119–121, 147

formula for computing, 120

motivated rationally vs. by convention, 121

negative, 131

and plural pronouns, 136

positive, 130

Prader Willi syndrome, 93

prediction

in conversation, 38

in turn-taking, 38

preference organization, 102

pre-sequences, 48

primates, 54, 56

and alloparenting, 85

exchange and social structure, 139

social structure, 135

projection. See prediction

pronouns. See address forms

propositions, 52, 80, 95–96, 100

concept of, 51

proto-conversation, 68

questions, 22, 47, 51, 101, 142

early detection of, 98

expecting affirmation, 102

as repair initiators, 99

unmarked, 51

Radcliffe-Brown, A., 122

radical translation. See communication, without language

rationality, of language use, 33

reaction time, and turn-taking, 35

recursion, 24, 95, 98, 155

in action sequences, 49

deeper than in grammar, 50

relative clauses, interactionally constructed, 97

repair

and chunking of utterances, 99

in conversation, 45–46

and grammar, 100, 155

response, planning, 38

ritual constraints. See politeness; rituals

ritualization, of communicative acts, 25, 60, 155

rituals

interactional, 151

positive and negative, 119

Rossel Island, 3–4, 12, 22, 82, 85, 94, 116, 124, 144–145, 151

Rotokas, 4

Sacks, H., xi

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 164

Schegloff, E., 47, 132

Schelling, T., 15–16

sclera, 19

selection

for cuteness, 89

sexual, 89

semantic concepts, and spatial cognition, 75, 94, 100

sentence types, 51–52

sequence structure, 46–51

sequences of utterances, 47

universal syntax of, 50

sign language, 44, 105

Kata Kolok, 79

and turn-taking, 44

silence, 41–42

as signal of problem, 102

skull shape

and neoteny, 88

and self-domestication, 92

social distance, 120

horizontal vs. vertical, 135

social media, xiii

social relationships

constructed through language, 119, 131

managing, 131, 150

as rights and duties, 132

three types, 133

social structure

computing hierarchy from exchange, 141

constructed vs. inherited, 132

and spatial concepts, 135

sorcery, 12, 83, 94, 144, 165

spatial cognition, 149

and frames of reference, 75

and gesture, 80

and hippocampus, 73

human poor abilities, 72

perspective taking, 79, 150

and propositional structure, 100

as source of language structure, 74

spatial language, cardinal directions, 73, 154

speech, slow compared to comprehension, 36

speech acts, 46

culture specific, 22, 52

and imperatives, 51

linguistic packaging of, 100–101

no fixed form-meaning mapping, 51

performatives, 144

universals of, 22, 51

speech events, 143

Sterelny, K., 105

symbolism, 63

of exchange, 134, 136, 147

syntax. See grammar

teasing, 121–128

function of, 128

structure of, 122

target of, 122

Tenejapa, 116, 124

theory of mind, 81, 104–105, 108

as computationally explosive, 111

in human development, 82

origin of, 82

and propositional attitudes, 154

timing

of gaps between turns, 40

of turn-taking, 7, 35, 38, 40

Tok Pisin, 97

Tomasello, M., 16, 31, 52, 105, 113, 147

truth telling, 33–34

turns

1500 per day, 17, 108

average length, 17

collaboratively constructed, 98

ending signals of, 40

front-loading of, 98

informationally compressed, 70–71, 157

interactionally constructed, 96

turn-taking, 17, 34–45

across the primate order, 60

cognitive complexity of, 40

conserved nature of, 56–60

constraints in institutions, 142

faster than thought, 38

and grammar, 96, 98

and human evolution, 60

in infancy, 68, 70

institutional, 142

and intersubjectivity, 34

of monkeys, 56

multimodal nature of, 42

and overlaps, 40

as primate heritage, 71

phylogeny of, 55

rules for, 35, 40

in sign languages, 44

stable across populations, 42

timing as ancient, 152

vocalizations without, 35, 68

Tylor, E. B., 166

Tzeltal, 116

Mayan language, 17

universals

concept of, 30

of conversational repair, 45

and exceptions, 3

of grammar, 2, 9, 30

of language, 2, 30, 52

exceptions to, 9

use, 30, 33

of patterns of address, 136

of sequence organization, 50

and shared descent, 3

of turn-taking, 42, 146

vocal apparatus, human, 5

way-finding, 72

Weber, M., 113

Wiessner, P., 114

Wernicke’s area, 5, 11

Wrangham, R., 93

writing, 77

Yélî Dnye, 4, 22, 116

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