Appendices

Summary

Appendix A (Chapter 1)

A1 Stauffer's rational

• 1. Reading, writing, speaking, and listening occur in context with purposeful communication.

• 2. The interests, curiosities, culture, capacity, precepts, and concepts of each individual are used.

• 3. Use of word recognition and word identification is developed in a meaningful context ensuring the use of meaning clues.

• 4. Reading skills taught are assimilated and used.

• 5. Individual interests and understandings are extended and refined.

• 6. Appreciation of the value and uses of reading is afforded.

LEA is a total language arts approach relying heavily upon dictated stories, word banks, and creative writing. LEA is a comprehensive methodology that can be used to teach literacy.

A2 Wells (1979) list of essentials

• 1. They do not direct what the children say.

• 2. They are collaborative constructors of meaning.

• 3. They are attentive listeners.

• 4. Make attempts to use verbal and nonverbal cues to understand the child.

• 5. Help children extend their responses so that knowledge of the world and linguistic ability are fostered.

A3 Remedial approaches require a student to write the word from memory to consider it mastered

• 1. The Fernald method

• 2. Oton–Gillingham and its offshoots

  • a. Recipe for Reading

  • b. Slingerland Approach

  • c. Herman-Lexia

• 3. Reading Recovery

• 4. Words Their Way

• 5. Blau and Blau

• 6. Spalding

Appendix B (Chapter 2)

B1 Otis media

This condition is caused by fluid buildup in the middle ear, which obliterates some of the sound of speech for the young child. It interferes with the progression in which speech sounds are learned. These children learn to speak normally but do not really hear all of the speech sounds (American Academy of Pediatrics 2004). It may be caused by an allergic condition or a progression of ear infections. Treatment may contain both medicine and tubes placed in the ears of some children.

B2 Irregular speech

Since the window is quite large for speech to develop, it is difficult for parents to process if their child exhibits irregular speech. Another complicating factor is that not every child fits the normal developmental pattern, but they speak quite well and do not appear to have any problems with speech as they mature. But there are some blatant signs that all might not be progressing smoothly.