Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-5b777bbd6c-ks5gx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-06-19T02:16:25.430Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 9 - The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)

from Section 2 - Mother and Child Health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2025

David Mabey
Affiliation:
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Martin W. Weber
Affiliation:
World Health Organization
Moffat Nyirenda
Affiliation:
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
Affiliation:
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana
Jackson Orem
Affiliation:
Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala
Laura Benjamin
Affiliation:
University College London
Michael Marks
Affiliation:
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Nicholas A. Feasey
Affiliation:
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Get access

Summary

The mortality rate of children less than 5 years of age has decreased by 60% since 1990, with the Millennium Development Goals having been a powerful drive for improvement. However, the reduction has not been evenly distributed throughout the world (UN IGME 2020). Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest under-5 mortality rate in the world, where 1 child in every 13 dies before celebrating their 5th birthday (UN IGME 2020).

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Boschi-Pinto, C et al. (2018). Global implementation survey of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI): 20 years on. BMJ Open 8(7): e019079.10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019079CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, H et al.; Pediatric Hospital Improvement Group (2008). Global initiatives for improving hospital care for children: state of the art and future prospects. Pediatrics 121(4): e984–e92.10.1542/peds.2007-1395CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Every Woman Every Child (EWEC) (2015). The Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s And Adolescents’ Health. New York, NY: Every Woman Every Child.Google Scholar
Maitland, K et al.; Trial Group, FEAST (2011). Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. New England Journal of Medicine 364(26): 24832495.10.1056/NEJMoa1101549CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reñosa, M D et al. (2020). Key challenges of health care workers in implementing the integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) program: a scoping review. Global Health Action 13(1): 1732669.10.1080/16549716.2020.1732669CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simoes, EA et al. (2003). Management of severely ill children at first-level health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa when referral is difficult. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81(7): 522531.Google ScholarPubMed
Tulloch, J. (1999). Integrated approach to child health in developing countries. Lancet 354: SII16–SII20.10.1016/S0140-6736(99)90252-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) 2023 Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2023 Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund.Google Scholar
Weber, MW et al. (1997). Evaluation of an algorithm for the integrated management of childhood illness in an area with seasonal malaria in the Gambia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 75: 525532.Google Scholar
WHO (1995). Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Geneva: World Health Organization, Division of Child Health and Development.Google Scholar
WHO (2004). Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: Burden of Illness and Management Options. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
WHO (2013). Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guidelines for the Management of Common Childhood Illnesses, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
WHO (2014). Integrated Management of Childhood Illness: Distance Learning Course. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
WHO (2015). Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: A Guide for Essential Practice, 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
WHO (2016). Guideline: Updates on Paediatric Emergency Triage, Assessment and Treatment: Care of Critically Ill Children. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
WHO (2021a). The Global Health Observatory. Child Mortality and Causes of Death. www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/child-mortality-and-causes-of-death.Google Scholar
WHO (2021b). Website of the WHO Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing. www.who.int/tools/child-growth-standards/standards.Google Scholar
Young Infants Clinical Signs Study Group (2008). Clinical signs that predict severe illness in children under age 2 months: a multicentre study. Lancet 371(9607): 135142.10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60106-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×