Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-5b777bbd6c-gtgcz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-06-18T20:32:40.117Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Communicating during a Health Emergency

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2025

Kathleen G. V. Melville
Affiliation:
Tulane University School of Medicine, Louisiana
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Risk Communication in Public Health Emergencies
Practical Guidance Rooted in Theory
, pp. 139 - 224
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

References

Vanderford, ML, Nastoff, T, Telfer, JL, Bonzo, SE. Emergency Communication Challenges in Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. J Appl Commun Res 2007;35(1):925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Facing Hazards and Disasters: Understanding Human Dimensions. Washington, DC, The National Academies Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Facing the Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the United States. Washington, DC, The National Academies Press, 2001.Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2018. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2018.Google Scholar
Seeger, M, Sellnow, T, Ulmer, R. Communication and Organizational Crisis. London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2003.Google Scholar
Communicating risk in public health emergencies: A WHO guideline for emergency risk communication (ERC) policy and practice. World Health Organization, 2017. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540733 (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Seeger, M. Best Practices in Crisis Communication: An Expert Panel Process. J Appl Commun Res 2006;34(3):232–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2014. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2014.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychol Rev 1977;84:191215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication. In: Bryant, J, Zillmann, D, editors. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, 2nd edition. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002; pp. 121–53.Google Scholar
Burns, KM. Emergency Preparedness Self-Efficacy and the Ongoing Threat of Disasters. Unpublished dissertation, George Washington University, 2014.Google Scholar
Wirtz, P, Rohrbeck, C, Burns, KM. Anxiety Effects on Disaster Precautionary Behaviors: A Multi-Path Cognitive Model. J Health Pyschol 2017;24(10):111.Google ScholarPubMed
Baiano, C, Raimo, G, Zappullo, I, Marra, M, Cecere, R, Trojano, L, et al. Empathy through the Pandemic: Changes of Different Emphatic Dimensions during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19(4):2435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franke, VC, Elliott, CN. Optimism and Social Resilience: Social Isolation, Meaninglessness, Trust, and Empathy in Times of COVID-19. Societies 2021;11(2):35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grignoli, N, Petrocchi, S, Bernardi, S, Massari, I, Traber, R, Malacrida, R, et al. Influence of Empathy Disposition and Risk Perception on the Psychological Impact of Lockdown During the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic Outbreak. Front Pub Health 2021;8:567337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karnaze, M, Bellettiere, J, Bloss, C. Association of Compassion and Empathy with Prosocial Health Behaviors and Attitudes in a Pandemic. PLoS One 2022;17(7):e0271829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrocchi, S, Bernardi, S, Malacrida, R, Traber, R, Gabutti, L, Grignoli, N. Affective Empathy Predicts Self-Isolation Behaviour Acceptance during Coronavirus Risk Exposure. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):10153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morstead, T, Zheng, J, Sin, N, King, D, DeLongis, A. Adherence to Recommended Preventive Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Empathy and Perceived Health Threat. Ann Behav Med 2022;56(4):381–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zahry, NR, McCluskey, M, Ling, JY. Risk Governance during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Quantitative Content Analysis of Governors’ Narratives on Twitter. J Contin Crisis Manage 2023;31(1):7791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kabat-Zinn, J. Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context: Past, Present, and Future. Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, 2003.Google Scholar
Goleman, D. Emotional Intelligence. New York, Bantam Book, 1995.Google Scholar
Dalai Lama, TG, Ekman, P. Emotional Awareness: Overcoming the Obstacles to Psychological Balance and Compassion: A Conversation between the Dalai Lama and Paul Ekman. New York, St. Martin’s Essentials, 2008.Google Scholar
North Dakota governor in tears at split over face mask use in the US. Guardian News. 2020. www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBdpkgfJH9w (Accessesd April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Besser, R. Media briefing on H1N1 [MP4]. 2009.Google Scholar
Study Guide for the Examination for Accreditation in Public Relations. Wilmington, DE, Universal Accreditation Board/Public Relations Society of America, 2021.Google Scholar
New York State Department of Health Provides Updates On Nassau County Measles Case. New York State Department of Health. 2024. www.health.ny.gov/press/releases/2024/2024-03-23_measles.htm (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Berger, CR, Calabrese, RJ. Some Explorations in Initial Interaction and Beyond: Toward a Developmental Theory of Interpersonal Communication. Hum Commun Res 1975;1(2):99112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denchak, M. Flint Water Crisis: Everything you need to know. NRDC. 2018. www.nrdc.org/stories/flint-water-crisis-everything-you-need-know (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Kennedy, M. Lead-Laced Water in Flint: A Step-By-Step Look at the Makings of a Crisis. NPR. 2016. www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/20/465545378/lead-laced-water-in-flint-a-step-by-step-look-at-the-makings-of-a-crisis (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Mayo Clinic. Lead Poisoning – Symptoms and Causes. 2022. www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lead-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354717 (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Mayo Clinic. Legionnaires’ disease – Symptoms and causes. 2021. www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/legionnaires-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351747 (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Flint Water Advisory Task Force. Commissioned by the Office of Governor Rick Snyder State of Michigan. 2016. www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/formergovernors/Folder6/FWATF_FINAL_REPORT_21March2016.pdf?rev=284b9e42c7c840019109eb73aaeedb68 (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
About MDHHS. Michigan.gov. 2019. www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/contact-mdhhs (Accessed April 29, 2024).Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2018. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2018.Google Scholar
CDC. CERC: Psychology of a Crisis. Crisis & Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) Manual. 2018. https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/ppt/CERC_Psychology_of_a_Crisis.pdf (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Water filters available for MDHHS clients in Flint beginning Tuesday. Michigan.gov. 2019. www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2015/10/05/water-filters-available-for-mdhhs-clients-in-flint-beginning-tuesday (Accessed April 29, 2024).Google Scholar
Increased Cases of Legionnaires Disease Investigated in Genesee County. Michigan.gov. 2019. www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2016/01/13/increased-cases-of-legionnaires-disease-investigated-in-genesee-county (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
MDHHS completes Genesee County Legionnaires’ Disease case review, finds only one common source. Michigan.gov. 2019. www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2018/05/29/mdhhs-completes-genesee-county-legionnaires-disease-case-review-finds-only-one-common-source (Accessed April 29, 2024).Google Scholar
Fleming, LN. Ex-health director Lyon gets emergency Supreme Court hearing on Flint case. The Detroit News. 2022. www.detroitnews.com/story/news/michigan/flint-water-crisis/2022/03/23/ex-health-director-lyon-gets-emergency-supreme-court-hearing-flint-case/7146777001 (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Flint Water Crisis: Impacts and Lessons Learned [Internet]. Govinfo.gov. 2017. www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg20534/html/CHRG-114hhrg20534.htm (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
CDC. NBP – Factsheet – Lead. 2013. www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/lead_factsheet.html#:~:text=No%20safe%20blood%20lead%20leve (Accessed April 29, 2024).Google Scholar
CDC. CERC: Crisis Communication Plans. Crisis & Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) Manual. 2018. https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/ppt/CERC_Crisis_Communication_Plans.pdf (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Quinn, A. What the Flint water scandal says about US politics in 2016. The Conversation. 2016. https://theconversation.com/what-the-flint-water-scandal-says-about-us-politics-in-2016-55789 (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
MDHHS releases emails related to the Genesee County Legionnaires Disease investigations. Michigan.gov. 2019 www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2016/02/09/mdhhs-releases-emails-related-to-the-genesee-county-legionnaires-disease-investigations (Accessed April 29, 2024).Google Scholar
MDHHS releases latest data outlining blood lead levels in Flint; follow-up care, case management resources continue for families. Michigan.gov. 2019 www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2015/12/03/mdhhs-releases-latest-data-outlining-blood-lead-levels-in-flint-follow-up-care-case-management-reso (Accessed April 29, 2024).Google Scholar
Michigan Urges Continued Legionella Precaution. Michigan.gov. 2019. www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2016/05/27/michigan-urges-continued-legionella-precaution (Accessed April 29, 2024).Google Scholar
Genesee County has its first confirmed case of Legionnaires’ disease in 2016. Michigan.gov. 2016. www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2016/07/06/genesee-county-has-its-first-confirmed-case-of-legionnaires-disease-in-2016 (Accessed April 29, 2024).Google Scholar
Flint families will receive $7 million in additional food assistance. Michigan.gov. 2019. www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2017/02/16/flint-families-will-receive-7-million-in-additional-food-assistance (Accessed April 29, 2024).Google Scholar

References

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: Overview. World Health Organization. 2024. www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/covid-19 (Accessed April 21, 2024).Google Scholar
Cubanski, J, Kates, J, Tolbert, J, Guth, M, Pollitz, K, Freed, M. What Happens When COVID-19 Emergency Declarations End? Implications for Coverage, Costs, and Access. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2023. www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/what-happens-when-covid-19-emergency-declarations-end-implications-for-coverage-costs-and-access/#:~:text=May%2011%2C%202023.-,On%20Jan.,to%20the%20COVID%2D19%20pandemic (Accessed April 21, 2024).Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2018. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2018.Google Scholar
Populations and Vulnerabilities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. n.d. www.cdc.gov/nceh/tracking/topics/PopulationsVulnerabilities.htm (Accessed April 21, 2024).Google Scholar
Wingate, MS, Perry, EC, Campbell, PH, David, P, Weist, EM. Identifying and Protecting Vulnerable Populations in Public Health Emergencies: Addressing Gaps in Education and Training. Pub Health Rep 2007;122(3):422–26.Google ScholarPubMed
Chin, M. Populations at Risk: A Critical Need for Research, Funding, and Action. J Gen Intern Med 2005;20(5):448–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RSV in Adults. American Lung Association. 2024. www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/rsv/rsv-in-adults (Accessed April 21, 2024).Google Scholar
Amer, F, Khalil, HES, Elahmady, M, ElBadawy, NE, Zahran, WA, Abdelnasser, M, et al. Mpox: Risks and Approaches to Prevention. J Infect Public Health 2023;16(6):901–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). New York City Health. n.d. www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/respiratory-syncytial-virus.page (Accessed April 21, 2024).Google Scholar
Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing. Trump White House. 2020. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-4 (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
Yeh, M, Jewell, R, Hu, MY. Stereotype Processing’s Effect on the Impact of the Myth/Fact Message Format and the Role of Personal Relevance. Psychol Market 2013;30(1):3645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Mythbusters. World Health Organization. 2022. www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
Managing Misinformation in the Media. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017. https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/cerccorner/article_121616.asp (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
Responding to Rumors and Misinformation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017. https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/cerccorner/article_072216.asp (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
Governor Bryan Addresses False Rumors Regarding USVI and COVID-19 Vaccine. Government of the Virgin Islands. n.d. https://doh.vi.gov/governor-bryan-addresses-false-rumors-regarding-usvi-and-covid-19-vaccine (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
Martin, D. Inside the Operation Warp Speed effort to get Americans a COVID-19 vaccine. CBS News. 2020. www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-distribution-60-minutes-2020-11-08 (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
Lalani, H, DiResta, R, Baron, R, Scales, C. Addressing Viral Medical Rumors and False or Misleading Information. Ann Intern Med 2023;176(8):1113–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
About Us. This Is Our Shot. n.d. https://thisisourshot.info/about-us (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
#Vacunateya. 2024. https://vacunateya.com (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
Two cases of meningococcemia confirmed. University of Oregon. 2015. https://around.uoregon.edu/content/two-cases-meningococcemia-confirmed (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
Herriman, R. University of Oregon outbreak: 3rd meningitis case reported. Outbreak News Today. 2015. https://outbreaknewstoday.com/university-of-oregon-outbreak-3rd-meningitis-case-reported-25954 (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
Sherwood, C. Meningococcemia outbreak sickens three at the University of Oregon. Reuters. 2015. www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0LF027 (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
CD Summary: MENINGOCOCCUS SEROGROUP B: STILL THERE, STILL DANGEROUS. Oregon Health Authority. Oregon Public Health Division. 2015. www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/DISEASESCONDITIONS/COMMUNICABLEDISEASE/CDSUMMARYNEWSLETTER/Documents/2015/ohd6404.pdf (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
Oregon tumbler Lauren Jones suddenly passes away. Statesman Journal. 2015. www.statesmanjournal.com/story/sports/college/univ-oregon/2015/02/17/oregon-tumbler-lauren-jones-suddenly-passes-away/23597259/ (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Seeger, M, Sellnow, T, Ulmer, R. Communication and Organizational Crisis. London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2003.Google Scholar
Capitano, B, Dillon, K, LeDuc, A, Atkinson, B, Burman, C. Experience Implementing a University-Based Mass Immunization Program in Response to a Meningococcal B Outbreak. Hum Vaccin Immun 2019;15(3):717–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Aleccia, J. After deadly outbreak, Oregon school to do mass vaccinations. The Seattle Times. 2015. www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/university-of-oregon-to-do-mass-vaccinations-in-deadly-outbreak/ (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Vanderford, ML, Nastoff, T, Telfer, JL, Bonzo, SE. Emergency Communication Challenges in Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. J Appl Commun Res 2007;35(1):925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vuocolo, S, Balmer, P, Gruber, WC, Jansen, KU, Anderson, AS, Perez, JL, York, LJ. Vaccination Strategies for the Prevention of Meningococcal Disease. Hum Vaccin Immun 2018;14(5):1203–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Candrilli, S, Kurosky, S. The Response to and Cost of Meningococcal Disease Outbreaks in University Campus Settings: A Case Study in Oregon, United States. RTI Press. 2019. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565440 (Accessed April 14, 2024).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liedle, C. The organism has basically diffused throughout the university campus. KVAL News Channel 13. 2015. https://kval.com/news/local/the-organism-has-basically-diffused-throughout-the-university-campus (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Hanrahan, M. 6th student in Oregon infected with meningitis bacteria. USA Today. 2015. www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/03/19/meningitis-outbreak-oregon/25049737/ (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Mass vaccinations at University of Oregon start slowly. The Columbian. 2015. www.columbian.com/news/2015/mar/03/mass-vaccinations-at-university-of-oregon-start-sl/ (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Misinformation and disinformation. American Psychological Association. 2023. www.apa.org/topics/journalism-facts/misinformation-disinformation (Accessed April 21, 2024).Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Navigating Infodemics and Building Trust during Public Health Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop in Brief. Washington, DC, The National Academies Press, 2023.Google Scholar
Borges do Nascimento, IJ, Pizarro, AB, Almeida, JM, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Gonçalves, MA, Björklund, M, Novillo-Ortiz, D. Infodemics and Health Misinformation: A Systematic Review of Reviews. Bull World Health Organ 2022;100(9):544–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. World Health Organization. 2020. www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
The COVID-19 Infodemic (Editorial). The Lancet 2020;20(8):375.Google Scholar
First WHO Infodemic Manager Training. World Health Organization. 2020. www.who.int/teams/epi-win/infodemic-management/1st-who-training-in-infodemic-management (Accessed April 21, 2024).Google Scholar
Diagrams of Rumor and Rumor Control, World War II rumor project collection 1943. Library of Congress. 1942. www.loc.gov/item/afc1945001_ms01006 (Accessesd April 21, 2024).Google Scholar
Nagar, A, Grégoire, V, Sundelson, A, O’Donnell-Pazderka, E, Jamison, AM, Sell, TK. Practical playbook for addressing health misinformation. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, 2024.Google Scholar
SteelFisher, GK, Findling, MG, Caporello, HL, Lubell, KM, Vidoloff Melville, KG, Lane, L, et al. Trust in US Federal, State, and Local Public Health Agencies during COVID-19: Responses and Policy Implications. Health Aff 2023;42(3):328–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Public Health Connects Speaker Series: A conversation with Dr. Kate Starbird. YouTube. 2023. www.youtube.com/watch?v=s2t5S1Ziv0Y (Accessed April 14, 2024).Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2014. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2014.Google Scholar
Prue, C, Lackey, C, Swenarski, L, Gantt, J. Communication Monitoring: Shaping CDC’s Emergency Risk Communication Efforts. J Health Commun 2003;8(Suppl. 1):3549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lariscy, RW, Avery, EJ, Sweetser, KD, Howes, P. Monitoring Public Opinion in Cyberspace: How Corporate Public Relations Is Facing the Challenge. Public Relations J 2009;3(4):117.Google Scholar
Ghidottim, N. Why Brands Need Social Media Listening. 2020. www.prsa.org/article/why-brands-need-social-media-listening (Accessed April 21, 2024).Google Scholar
Hadi, TA, Fleshler, K. Integrating Social Media Monitoring into Public Health Emergency Response Operations. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2016;10(5):775–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pomeranz, JL, Schwid, AR. Governmental Actions to Address COVID-19 Misinformation. J Public Health Policy 2021;42(2):201–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hancock, J. Missouri AG aligns with St. Louis conspiracy theorist in social media lawsuit. The Missouri Independent. 2022. https://missouriindependent.com/2022/11/21/missouri-ag-aligns-with-st-louis-conspiracy-theorist-in-social-media-lawsuit/ (Accessed May 10, 2024).Google Scholar
United States Course of Appeals for Fifth Circuit: Missouri v Murthy (Opinion). 2023. www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/23-411_3dq3.pdf (Accessed October 24, 2024).Google Scholar
Murthy v. Missouri: SCOTUSblog. n.d. www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/murthy-v-missouri-3 (Accessed April 21, 2024).Google Scholar
Quinn, M. Supreme Court to hear free speech case over government pressure on social media sites to remove content. CBS News. 2024. www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-social-media-sites-government-content-misinformation-censorship/ (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Mello, MM. Vaccine Misinformation and the First Amendment – The Price of Free Speech. JAMA Health Forum 2022;3(3):e220732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Syllabus Murthy, Surgeon General, et al., v. Missouri et al. 2023. www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/23-411_3dq3.pdf (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Intro.9.2 Murthy v Missouri: The First Ammendment and Government Influence on Social Media Companies’ Content Moderation. Constitution Annotated. n.d. https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/intro.9-2-3/ALDE_00000075 (Accessed October 24, 2024).Google Scholar
Study Guide for the Examination for Accreditation in Public Relations. Wilmington, DE, Universal Accreditation Board/Public Relations Society of America, 2021.Google Scholar
Testing and testing priorities for suspected cases. American Hospital Association. 2020. www.aha.org/news/headline/2020-03-26-cdc-updates-covid-19-testing-and-preparedness-guidelines (Accessed April 21, 2024).Google Scholar
Spiro, ES, Starbird, K. Rumors Have Rules. Issues Sci Technol 2023;39(3):4749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Monkeypox Cases – United States. 2022. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7132e3.htm (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Monkeypox Update: FDA Authorizes Emergency Use of JYNNEOS Vaccine to Increase Vaccine Supply. Food and Drug Administration. 2022. www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/monkeypox-update-fda-authorizes-emergency-use-jynneos-vaccine-increase-vaccine-supply. (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Owens, LE, Currie, DW, Kramarow, EA, Siddique, S, Swanson, M, Carter, RJ, et al. JYNNEOS Vaccination Coverage among Persons at Risk for Mpox – United States, May 22, 2022–January 31, 2023. 2023. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7213a4.htm (Accessed November 24, 2024).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Map & Case Count. 2022. www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/response/2022/us-map.html (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Essajee, NM, Oddo-Moise, H, Hagensee, ME, Lillis, RA, Maffei, J, Butler, I, et al. Characteristics of Mpox Infections in Louisiana in the 2022 Outbreak. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2023;39(11):587–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2018. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2018.Google Scholar
Louisiana Department of Health. LDH identifies first monkeypox case in a Louisiana Resident. 2022. https://ldh.la.gov/news/monkeypox (Accessed November 24, 2024).Google Scholar
Louisiana Department of Health. Technical briefing: First monkeypox case identified in Louisiana resident. 2022. www.youtube.com/watch?v=BI7OdCtd-zE (Accessed November 24, 2024).Google Scholar
Louisiana Department of Health. 2021 STI Data and Rankings, Louisiana. 2021. https://ldh.la.gov/assets/oph/HIVSTD/Tables-Profiles/2021-STI-Rankings-Release.pdf (Accessed November 24, 2024).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC activates emergency operations center for monkeypox response. 2022. www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/s0628-monkeypox-eoc.html (Accessed November 24, 2024).Google Scholar
Louisiana Department of Health [@ladepthealth]. Visiting #SouthernDecadence and need resources? Instagram. 2022. www.instagram.com/p/CiDOnyzO3zi/?img_index=1 (Accessed November 24, 2024).Google Scholar
Louisiana Department of Health. New Orleans Health Department, CDC host Southern Decadence Health Hub. MPox Information. 2022. https://ldh.la.gov/news/decadence-health-hub (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Maccash, D. Vaxxtravaganza, a free monkeypox vaccination event, set for bourbon street Wednesday. NOLA.com. 2022. www.nola.com/entertainment_life/festivals/vaxxtravaganza-a-free-monkeypox-vaccination-event-set-for-bourbon-street-wednesday/article_32818f70-232b-11ed-86f7-17830c7e688f.html (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Louisiana Department of Health [@ladepthealth]. Monkeypox Q&A: Is it a sexually transmitted infection? Instagram. 2022. www.instagram.com/p/Cgjo4V9uYo7/?hl=en (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Louisiana Department of Health. Mpox information. n.d. https://ldh.la.gov/page/mpox (Accessed November 24, 2024).Google Scholar
Woodruff, E. Hundreds line up for New Orleans’ first mass monkeypox vaccination event. NOLA.com. 2022. www.nola.com/news/healthcare_hospitals/hundreds-line-up-for-new-orleans-first-mass-monkeypox-vaccination-event/article_6200b682-1821-11ed-8ef1-db4023677361.html (Accessed July 1, 2023).Google Scholar

References

Rice, R, Atkins, C. Public Communication Campaigns, 4th edition. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 2012.Google Scholar
The History of Our COVID-19 Vaccine Education Initiative. Ad Council. 2024. www.adcouncil.org/our-impact/covid-vaccine/our-covid-19-vaccine-retrospective (Accessed March 7, 2024).Google Scholar
Zhao, X. Health Communication Campaigns: A Brief Introduction and Call for Dialogue. Int J Nurs Sci 2020;7:S1115.Google ScholarPubMed
Making Health Communication Programs Work. Washinton, DC, Health and Human Services, n.d.Google Scholar
CDC. Types of Evaluation. National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, editor. Atlanta, GA, CDC, n.d.Google Scholar
White House. Let’s Move South Lawn Series Kickoff. YouTube. 2010. www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MDfrB0i0Zk (Accessed March 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Let’s Move! Partnership for a Healthier America. www.ahealthieramerica.org/articles/let-s-move-84 (Accessed March 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Manual. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014.Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2018. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2018.Google Scholar
Seeger, M, Sellnow, T, Ulmer, R. Communication and Organizational Crisis. London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2003.Google Scholar
Vidoloff, K, Petrun, E. Communication Successes and Constraints: Analysis of the 2008 Salmonella Saintpaul Foodborne Illness Outbreak. Journal of the Northwest Communication Association 2010;39(1):6590.Google Scholar
Marcus, BH, Forsyth, LH. The Challenge of Behavior Change. Med Health R I 1997;80(9):300302.Google ScholarPubMed
Rogers, E. Diffusion of Innovations. New York, London, Free Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychol Rev 1977;84:191215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, MT, Witte, KD. Creating Fear in a Risky World: Generating Effective Health Risk Messages. In: Rice, R, Atkins, C, editors. Public Communication Campaigns, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 2001; 88102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orozco-Olvera, V, Shen, F, Cluver, L. The Effectiveness of Using Entertainment Education Narratives to Promote Safer Sexual Behaviors of Youth: A Meta-Analysis, 1985–2017. PLoS ONE 2019;14(2):e0209969.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication. In: Bryant, J, Zillmann, D, editors. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, 2nd edition. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002; 121–53.Google Scholar
Horton, D, Wohl, R. Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance. Psychiatry 1956;19(3):215–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eccles, JS, Wigfield, A. Motivational Beliefs, Values, and Goals. Ann Rev Psychol 2002;53(1):109–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eccles, JS, Adler, TF, Futterman, R, Goff, SB, Kaczala, CM, Meece, JL, Midgley, C. Expectancies, Values, and Academic Behaviors. In: Spence, J, editor. Achievement and Achievement Motivation. San Francisco, CA, W. H. Freeman, 1983; 75146.Google Scholar
Wigfield, A, Tonks, S, Lutz, KS. Expectancy-Value Theory. In: Wentzel, K, Wigfield, A, editors. Handbook of Motivation at School. New York, Routledge, 2009; 5575.Google Scholar
Leaper, C. More Similarities than Differences in Contemporary Theories of Social Development? A Plea for Theory Bridging. Adv Child Dev Behav 2011;40:337–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piester, L. Why I Probably Won’t Ever Rewatch Grey’s Anatomy’s Pandemic-Filled Season 17. E-News. 2021. www.eonline.com/news/1276345/why-i-probably-wont-ever-rewatch-greys-anatomys-pandemic-filled-season-17 (Accessed March 7, 2024).Google Scholar
Power, E. Grey’s Anatomy catches Covid-19 – but it’s nothing serious. The Irish Times. 2021, March 31.Google Scholar
Shukla, S. “Grey’s Anatomy” Season 17 review: It displays courage and goodwill of the medical community during the COVID pandemic. WION. 2021. www.wionews.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-greys-anatomy-season-17-review-it-displays-courage-and-goodwill-of-the-medical-community-during-the-covid-pandemic-343146 (Accessed March 7, 2024).Google Scholar
St. James, E. 17 seasons in, Grey’s Anatomy reimagined itself for the pandemic. But only a little bit. Vox. 2021, www.vox.com/culture/22465064/greys-anatomy-finale-season-17-recap-review-covid-19-beach (Accessed March 7, 2024).Google Scholar
Cho, H, Salmon, CT. Unintended Effects of Health Communication Campaigns. J Communication 2007;57(2):293317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
COVID Data Tracker. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker (Accessed March 7, 2024).Google Scholar
COVID-19 Vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/effectiveness/work.html (Accessed April 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Schneider, EC, Shah, A, Sah, P, Vilches, T, Pandey, A, Moghadas, S, Galvani, AP. Impact of U.S COVID-19 vaccination efforts: an update on averted deaths, hospitalizations, and health care costs through March 2022. The Commonwealth Fund. 2022. www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2022/impact-us-covid-19-vaccination-efforts-march-update (Accessed March 23, 2024).Google Scholar
MacDonald, NE, SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccine Hesitancy: Definition, Scope and Determinants. Vaccine 2015;33(34):4161–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aw, J, Seng, JJB, Seah, SSY, Low, LL. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy – A Scoping Review of Literature in High-Income Countries. Vaccines (Basel) 2021;9(8):900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, AL, Porth, JM, Wu, Z, Boulton, ML, Finlay, JM, Kobayashi, LC. Vaccine Hesitancy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Latent Class Analysis of Middle-Aged and Older US Adults. J Community Health 2022;47(3):408–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrett, C, Wilson, R, O’Leary, M, Eckersberger, E, Larson, HJ, SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Strategies for Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy – A Systematic Review. Vaccine 2015;33(34):4180–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finney Rutten, LJ, Zhu, X, Leppin, AL, Ridgeway, JL, Swift, MD, Griffin, JM, et al. Evidence-Based Strategies for Clinical Organizations to Address COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy. Mayo Clin Proc 2021;96(3):699707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakefield, MA, Loken, B, Hornik, RC. Use of Mass Media Campaigns to Change Health Behaviour. Lancet 2010;376(9748):1261–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anker, AE, Feeley, TH, McCracken, B, Lagoe, CA. Measuring the Effectiveness of Mass-Mediated Health Campaigns through Meta-Analysis. J Health Commun 2016;21(4):439–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weber, MA, Backer, TE, Brubach, A. Creating the HHS COVID-19 Public Education Media Campaign: Applying Systems Change Learnings. J Health Commun 2022;27(3):20107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Technical overview of the AmeriSpeak® panel NORC’s probability-based household panel. NORC. 2022. https://tinyurl.com/2p97y2v6 (Accessed May 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Vu, HT, Guo, L, McCombs, ME. Exploring “the World Outside and the Pictures in Our Heads”. Journal Mass Commun Q 2014;91(4):669–86.Google Scholar
StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. www.stata.com (Accessed March 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Kelly, BJ, Southwell, BG, McCormack, LA, Bann, CM, MacDonald, PDM, Frasier, AM, et al. Predictors of Willingness to Get a COVID-19 Vaccine in the U.S. BMC Infect Dis 2021;21(1):338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Mohandes, A, White, TM, Wyka, K, Rauh, L, Rabin, K, Kimball, SH, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Adults in Four Major US Metropolitan Areas and Nationwide. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):21844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yasmin, F, Najeeb, H, Moeed, A, Naeem, U, Asghar, M, Chughtai, N, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2021;23(9):770985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latkin, C, Dayton, L, Miller, J, Yi, G, Balaban, A, Boodram, B, et al. A Longitudinal Study of Vaccine Hesitancy Attitudes and Social Influence as Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in the US. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022;18(5):2043102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berg, MB, Lin, L. Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions in the United States: The Role of Psychosocial Health Constructs and Demographic Factors. Transl Behav Med 2021;11(9):1782–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAfee, T, Davis, KC, Alexander, RL, Pechacek, TF, Bunnell, R. Effect of the First Federally Funded US Antismoking National Media Campaign. Lancet 2013;382(9909):2003–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrelly, MC, Duke, JC, Nonnemaker, J, MacMonegle, AJ, Alexander, TN, Zhao, X, et al. Association between the Real Cost Media Campaign and Smoking Initiation among Youths – United States, 2014–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66(2):4750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrelly, MC, Nonnemaker, J, Davis, KC, Hussin, A. The Influence of the National Truth Campaign on Smoking Initiation. Am J Prev Med 2009;36(5):379–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. World Health Organization. 2022. https://covid19.who.int (Accessed May 10, 2024).Google Scholar
COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness research. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/effectiveness-research/protocols.html (Accessed April 7, 2024).Google Scholar
Study Guide for the Examination for Accreditation in Public Relations. New York, Universal Accreditation Board/Public Relations Society of America, 2021.Google Scholar
Jones, CL, Jensen, JD, Scherr, CL, Brown, NR, Christy, K, Weaver, J. The Health Belief Model as an Explanatory Framework in Communication Research: Exploring Parallel, Serial, and Moderated Mediation. Health Communication 2015;30(6):566–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenstock, I. Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model. Health Education & Behavior. 1974;2(4):328–35.Google Scholar
Zewdie, A, Mose, A, Sahle, T, Bedewi, J, Gashu, M, Kebede, N, Yimer, A. The Health Belief Model’s Ability to Predict COVID-19 Preventive Behavior: A Systematic Review. SAGE Open Med 2022;10:20503121221113668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×