Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-5b777bbd6c-v47t2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-06-18T21:08:18.952Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Precrisis Planning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2025

Kathleen G. V. Melville
Affiliation:
Tulane University School of Medicine, Louisiana
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Risk Communication in Public Health Emergencies
Practical Guidance Rooted in Theory
, pp. 25 - 138
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

References

Seeger, M, Reynolds, B, Day, AM. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication: Past, Present, and Future. In: Finn, F, Winni, J, editors. Crisis Communication. Berlin, De Gruyter Mouton, 2020; 401–18.Google Scholar
Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Capabilities: National Standards for State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Public Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. www.cdc.gov/orr/readiness/capabilities/index.htm (Accessed January 11, 2024).Google Scholar
Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Capabilities: National Standards for State, Local, Tribal and Territorial Public Health. In: CDC, editor. Prevention. Washington, DC, US Department of Health and Human Services, 2018. www.cdc.gov/readiness/media/pdfs/CDC_PreparednesResponseCapabilities_October2018_Final_508.pdf (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Study Guide for the Examination for Accreditation in Public Relations. New York, Universal Accreditation Board/Public Relations Society of America, 2021.Google Scholar
Houser, RS. The Role of Public Health Emergency Management in Biodefense: A COVID-19 Case Study. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023;17:e185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2017. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2018.Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2014. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2014.Google Scholar
Nelson, C, Lurie, N, Wasserman, J, Zakowski, S. Conceptualizing and Defining Public Health Emergency Preparedness. Am J Pub Health 2007;97:s9s11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Incident Management System Basic Guidance for Public Information Officers. Washington, DC, US Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2020.Google Scholar
Appendix G1: Fact Sheet Joint Information Center. In: CDC, editor. Prevention. Washington, DC, US Department of Health and Human Services, 2005. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/g-education/app1.html (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Conley, C. The JIC Never Sleeps. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2011/03/the-jic-never-sleeps (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Partners and Collaborators for Emergency Preparedness and Response. Rural Health Information Hub. 2024. www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/emergency-preparedness/1/partners-collaborators#:~:text=Working%20with%20community%20partners%20and,other%20response%20and%20recovery%20activities (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Zafari, K, Biggemann, S, Garry, T. Mindful Management of Relationships during Periods of Crises: A Model of Trust, Doubt, and Relational Adjustments. Indus Mark Manage 2020;88:278–86.Google Scholar
National Response Framework: Emergency Support Functions. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2021. www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/national-preparedness/frameworks/response#esf (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Emergency Support Function 8: Public Health and Medical. Washington, DC, Federal Emergency Management Association, 2021.Google Scholar
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. General Services Administration. n.d. www.section508.gov/manage/laws-and-policies (Accessed March 27, 2024).Google Scholar
Douglas Fire Conflagration Update. Stayton Fire District. n.d. www.staytonfire.org/News.asp?NewsID=251 (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Templeton, A. Wildfire Smoke in Southern Oregon Leads to Emergency Room Visits. OPB. 2013. www.opb.org/news/article/smoke-from-southern-oregon-fires-affect-health-of-/ (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J. Clouds of wildfire smoke are choking Southern Oregon. Mother Jones. 2013. www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/08/air-quality-wildfire-southern-oregon (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Wildfire Smoke and Your Patients’ Health. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2023. www.epa.gov/wildfire-smoke-course/why-wildfire-smoke-health-concern#:~:text=Fine%2C%20inhalable%20particulate%20matter%20(PM2,may%20even%20enter%20the%20bloodstream (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Gan, RW, Liu, J, Ford, B, O’Dell, K, Vaidyanathan, A, Wilson, A, et al. The Association between Wildfire Smoke Exposure and Asthma-Specific Medical Care Utilization in Oregon during the 2013 Wildfire Season. J Expos Science Envir Epidemiol 2020;30(4):618–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, B, Seeger, M. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication as an Integrative Model. J Health Comm 2005;10(1):4355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seeger, M. Best Practices in Crisis Communication: An Expert Panel Process. J Appl Commun Res 2006;34(3):232–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, M, Cappella, JN. An Efficient Message Evaluation Protocol: Two Empirical Analyses on Positional Effects and Optimal Sample Size. J Health Commun 2019;24(10):761–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, JV, Romero, D, Kopka, CJ, Karim, SA, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Alemida, G, et al. A Multinational Delphi Consensus to End the COVID-19 Public Health Threat. Nature 2022;611:332–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marie, G, Thomas, K, Cassandra, R, David, T, Loth, VdA, Eva, P. The European Union and Public Health Emergencies: Expert Opinions on the Management of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Suggestions for Future Emergencies. Front Public Health 2021;9:698995.Google Scholar
Sanderson, B. How to Test Your Communications. Machynlleth, Public Interest Research Centre (PIRC) and ILFA-Europe, n.d.Google Scholar
Lessler, J, Rodriguez-Barraquer, I, Cummings, DAT, Garske, T, Van Kerkhove, M, Mills, H, et al. Estimating Potential Incidence of MERS-CoV Associated with Hajj Pilgrims to Saudi Arabia, 2014. PLoS: Current Outbreaks. 2014. https://currents.plos.org/outbreaks/article/estimating-potential-incidence-of-mers-cov-associated-with-hajj-pilgrims-to-saudi-arabia-2014/index.html (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
CD Summary: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, 11th edition. Portland, OR, Oregon Health Authority, 2014.Google Scholar
Coronavirus Infections: MERS-CoV (Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus). Portland, OR, Oregon Health Authority, Public Health Division, 2014.Google Scholar
Veil, F, Reynolds, B, Sellnow, T, Seeger, M. CERC as a Theoretical Framework for Research and Practice. Health Promot Pract 2008;9(4):26S34S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebrahimji, A, Yan, H. It’s been more than a month since a freight train carrying hazardous chemicals derailed in Ohio. Here’s what’s happened since. CNN. 2023. www.cnn.com/2023/02/23/us/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-timeline/index.html (Accessed March 13, 2023).Google Scholar
Watch | Ohio governor Mike DeWine discusses Ohio train derailment in Columbiana County. YouTube. 2023. www.youtube.com/watch?v=aaG5vpsgc1I (Accessed March 13, 2023).Google Scholar
Orsagos, P. Crews release toxic chemicals from derailed tankers in Ohio. AP News. 2023, www.news-herald.com/2023/02/06/crews-release-toxic-chemicals-from-derailed-tankers-in-ohio-2 (Accessed March 13, 2023).Google Scholar
Watch: Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine gives update on East Palestine train derailment. YouTube. 2023. www.youtube.com/watch?v=iux2SeIjdNo (Accessed May 19, 2024).Google Scholar
Salahieh, N, Yan, H, Sutton, J. Evacuation order lifted for residents near where train carrying hazardous chemicals derailed. CNN. 2023. www.cnn.com/2023/02/08/us/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-fire-wednesday/index.html (Accessed May 19, 2024).Google Scholar
Newsletter: East Palestine Train Derailment Response. United States Enviromental Protection Agency. 2024. www.epa.gov/east-palestine-oh-train-derailment/newsletter-east-palestine-train-derailment-response-10-31-2024 (Accessed November 11, 2024).Google Scholar
Bronstad, A. Norfolk Southern’s $600M Class Settlement Gets Final Approval. 2024. www.law.com/2024/09/26/norfolk-southerns-600m-class-settlement-gets-final-approval/?slreturn=20241111133742 (Accesssed November 11, 2024).Google Scholar
Funk, J. Judge approves $600 million settlement for residents near fiery Ohio derailment. 2024. https://apnews.com/article/east-palestine-derailment-norfolk-southern-settlement-d08463bd83c5dc19f89719d04747d98c (Accessed November 11, 2024).Google Scholar
United States Reaches Over $310 Million Settlement with Norfolk Southern to Address Harms Caused by East Palestine Train Derailment. United States Deparment of Justice. 2024. www.justice.gov/opa/pr/united-states-reaches-over-310-million-settlement-norfolk-southern-address-harms-caused-east (Accessed November 11, 2024).Google Scholar
Fortin, J. Ohio train derailment: Separating fact from fiction. New York Times. 2023. www.nytimes.com/2023/02/28/us/ohio-train-derailment-east-palestine.html (Accessed May 19, 2024).Google Scholar
Information & Resources. Ohio Emergency Management Agency. n.d. https://ema.ohio.gov/media-publications/east-palestine-derailment-info/information-resources (Accessed March 13, 2023).Google Scholar
Former president Trump visits East Palestine, Ohio following toxic train derailment. C-SPAN. 2023, www.c-span.org/video/?526220-101/president-trump-visit-east-palestine-ohio (Accessed May 19, 2024).Google Scholar
Transportation secretary Pete Buttigieg visits East Palestine, Ohio. YouTube. 2023. www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF9KPEZuN38 (Accessed May 19, 2024)Google Scholar
East Palestine Train Derailment: News. Mike DeWine, Governor of Ohio. 2024. https://governor.ohio.gov/priorities/east-palestine-train-derailment/news/ (Accessed November 5, 2024).Google Scholar
US Environmental Protection Agency. East Palestine, Ohio Train Derailment. Operational Updates. 2024. www.epa.gov/east-palestine-oh-train-derailment/operational-updates (Accessed November 5, 2024).Google Scholar
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Research. East Palestine (Ohio) Train Derailment Research Response. 2024. www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/east_palestine (Accessed November 5, 2024).Google Scholar
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Pollution Issues: East Palestine Train Derailment Information. 2024. https://epa.ohio.gov/monitor-pollution/pollution-issues/east-palestine#:~:text=Ohio%20EPA%20independently%20tests%20the,call%20330%2D849%2D3919 (Accessed November 5, 2024).Google Scholar
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Reports & Data: East Palestine Surface Water Results. 2024. https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions-and-offices/surface-water/reports-data/ep-surface-water-results (Accessed November 5, 2024).Google Scholar
Pennsylvania Pressoom. Shapiro Administration Continues to Advocate for Western Pennsylvania Residents, Announces Plans to Test Drinking Water Near East Palestine Train Derailment Site for Ten Years. 2024. www.media.pa.gov/pages/dep_details.aspx?newsid=1929 (Accessed November 5, 2024).Google Scholar
Grant, J. New studies shed light on the contamination and response to East Palestine derailment. The Allegheny Front. 2024. www.alleghenyfront.org/new-studies-contamination-communication-east-palestine-derailment/ (Accessed November 5, 2024).Google Scholar
Whelton, AJ. Environment: Toxic chemicals from train derailment lingered in buildings for months – findings in East Palestine, Ohio. 2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-10-toxic-chemicals-derailment-lingered-months.html (Accessed November 5, 2024).Google Scholar
East Palestine Train Derailment Health Studies at the University of Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health. 2024. www.publichealth.pitt.edu/east-palestine-train-derailment-health-studies-university-pittsburgh (Accessed November 5, 2024).Google Scholar

References

CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2014. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2014.Google Scholar
Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Capabilities: National Standards for State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Public Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. www.cdc.gov/orr/readiness/capabilities/index.htm (Accessed January 11, 2024).Google Scholar
Slater, MD. Theory and Method in Health Audience Segmentation. J Health Commun 1996;1(3):267–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grunig, JE. Publics, Audiences and Market Segments: Segmentation Principles for Campaigns. In: Salmon, CT, editor. Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 1989; 199228.Google Scholar
Smith, RA. Audience Segmentation Techniques. Oxford, Oxford Research Encyclopedias, 2017.Google Scholar
Freeman, RE. About Stakeholder Theory. 2018. http://stakeholdertheory.org/about (Accessed March 24, 2024).Google Scholar
Freeman, RE, Harrison, JS, Wicks, AC, Parmar, BL, De Colle, S. Stakeholder Theory: State of the Art. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, RE, Harrison, JS, Zyglidopoulos, S. Stakeholder Theory. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covello, VT. Risk Communication. In: Frumkin, H, editor. Environmental Health: From Local to Global. New York, Jossey Bass/John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2005; 9881009.Google Scholar
An, S-K, Gower, KK. How Do the News Media Frame Crises? A Content Analysis of Crisis News Coverage. Public Relat Rev 2008;35:107–12.Google Scholar
Whitehurst, R. The National Assessment of Adult Literacy: Health Literacy Results. Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, Office of the US Surgeon General, 2006.Google Scholar
Plain Language Materials and Resources. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023. www.cdc.gov/healthliteracy/developmaterials/plainlanguage.html (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Martinelli, KA, Briggs, W. Integrating Public Relations and Legal Responses During a Crisis: The Case of Odwalla, Inc. Public Relat Rev 1998;24(4):443–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoke, K. What Is Public Health Law? Washington, DC, American Public Health Association: Network for Public Health Law, n.d.Google Scholar
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) webpage. Office of Information Policy. n.d. www.foia.gov/about.html#:~:text=Since%201967%2C%20the%20Freedom%20of,the%20know%20about%20their%20government (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Public Records Laws and State Legislatures. National Conference of State Legislatures. 2023. www.ncsl.org/cls/public-records-law-and-state-legislatures (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. General Services Administration. n.d. www.section508.gov/manage/laws-and-policies (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Gostin, L. The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act. Washington, DC, Center for Law and Public’s Health at Georgetown and Johns Hopkins Universities, 2001.Google Scholar
McCarty, KL, Nelson, GD, Hodge, JG Jr., Gebbie, KM. Major Components and Themes of Local Public Health Laws in Select U.S. Jurisdictions. Public Health Rep 2009;124(3):458–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Impact of opening and closing decisions by state. Johns Hopkins University. 2022. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/state-timeline (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Nair, S, Davis, M. Isolation, Quarantine, and Public Health Authority Beyond the Pandemic. ASTHO. 2022. www.astho.org/communications/blog/isolation-quarantine-and-public-health-authority-beyond-the-pandemic (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Zhang, X, Warner, ME, Meredith, G. Factors Limiting US Public Health Emergency Authority COVID-19. Int J Health Plan Manage 2023 ; 38(5):1569–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berlow, J. The water crisis in Jackson follows year of failure to fix an aging water system. NPR. 2022. www.npr.org/2022/08/31/1120166328/jackson-mississippi-water-crisis (Accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
News. The City of Jackson, Mississippi. n.d. www.jacksonms.gov/news?filter_keyword=water (Accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2018. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2018.Google Scholar
Veil, F, Reynolds, B, Sellnow, T, Seeger, M. CERC as a Theoretical Framework for Research and Practice. Health Promot Pract 2008;9(4):26S34S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boil water notice remains in effect. The City of Jackson, Mississippi. 2022. www.jacksonms.gov/boil-water-notice-remains-in-effect (Accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Flood Update: Friday August 26. The City of Jackson, Mississippi. 2022. www.jacksonms.gov/flood-update-friday-august-27 (Accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
@CityOfJxnMS. The City of Jackson is NOT cutting off water to residents due to complications from the Pearl River flooding. X/Twitter. 2022, August 29.Google Scholar
Jackson, Mississippi Water Crisis. Center for Disaster Philanthropy. 2022. https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disasters/jackson-mississippi-water-crisis/ (Accessed November 11, 2024).Google Scholar
Mayor Lumumba declares system emergency. The City of Jackson, Mississippi. 2022. www.jacksonms.gov/mayor-lumumba-declares-water-system-emergency (Accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Inman, E. Lumumba tells residents at town hall meeting not to trust the state on water system issues. Clarion Ledger. 2022, September 28.Google Scholar
Water system update: Saturday, September 10. The City of Jackson, Mississippi. 2022. www.jacksonms.gov/water-system-update-saturday-september-10 (Accessed September 10, 2022).Google Scholar
@CityOfJxnMS. If you are experiencing discolored water or no pressure, please alert us using this online reporting tool. X/Twitter. 2022, September 4.Google Scholar
@CityOfJxnMS. Mayor Chokwe Antar Lumumba will hold a community meeting Tuesday night to provide updates on the status of the water. X/Twitter. 2022, September 19.Google Scholar
Popular religions in Jackson, MS. Facts by City. 2018. www.factsbycity.com/popular-religions/Jackson-MS/statistics.html (Accessed August 31, 2022).Google Scholar
@CityOfJxnMS. The boil water notice for ALL City of Jackson water customers HAS BEEN LIFTED, per the Mississippi State Department. X/Twitter. 2022, September 15.Google Scholar
Williams, A. “A great day to not be in Jackson,” governor says during Hattiesburg event. WAPT. 2022. www.wapt.com/article/a-great-day-to-not-be-in-jackson-mississippi-governor-says-during-hattiesburg-event/41252344 (Accessed September 16, 2024).Google Scholar

References

Brachman, PS, Abrutyn, E. Epidemiological Concepts. In: Brachman, PS, Abrutyn, E, editors. Bacterial Infections in Humans. Berlin, Springer, 2009; 150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WHO statement on the first meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR 2005) Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations. World Health Organization. 2016. www.who.int/news/item/01-02-2016-who-statement-on-the-first-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-(ihr-2005)-emergency-committee-on-zika-virus-and-observed-increase-in-neurological-disorders-and-neonatal-malformations (Accessed March 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Ibrahim, NK. Zika Virus: Epidemiology, Current Phobia and Preparedness for Upcoming Mass Gatherings, with Examples from World Olympics and Pilgrimage. Pak J Med Sci 2016;32(4):1038–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Engel Statement on Zika Virus [press release]. House Foreign Affairs Committee. 2016. https://democrats-foreignaffairs.house.gov/2016/1/engel-statement-zika-virus (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Zika virus: Key facts. World Health Organization. 2022. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Akpan, N. It’s confirmed. Zika virus causes microcephaly and other birth defects, CDC says. PBS. 2016. www.pbs.org/newshour/health/its-confirmed-zika-virus-causes-microcephaly-and-other-birth-defects-cdc-says (Accessed March 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Zika During Pregnancy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023. www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/zika/protect-yourself.html (Accessed March 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Our response to the Zika virus. Obama White House. n.d. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/zika (Accessed March 2, 2024).Google Scholar
McNeil, DG. Zika Virus Rumors and Theories That You Should Doubt. The New York Times. 2016. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/18/health/what-causes-zika-virus-theories-rumors.html (Accessed March 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Momenipour, A, Rojas-Murillo, S, Murphy, B, Pennathur, P, Pennathur, A. Usability of state public health department websites for communication during a pandemic: A heuristic evaluation. Int J Ind Ergon 2021;86:103216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourdeaux, M, Sasdi, A, Oza, S, Kerry, VB. Integrating the US Public Health and Medical Care Systems to Improve Health Crisis Response. Health Aff 2023;42(3):310–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hospital Preparedness Program (HPP). Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response. n.d. https://aspr.hhs.gov/HealthCareReadiness/HPP/Pages/default.aspx (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Hospital Preparedness Program Cooperative Agreement FY2020. Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response. 2020. https://aspr.hhs.gov/HealthCareReadiness/HPP/Documents/Hospital%20Preparedness%20Program%20BP2%20Requirements%20At-a-Glance.pdf (Accessed March 4, 2020).Google Scholar
Testing and testing priorities for suspected cases. American Hospital Association. 2020. www.aha.org/news/headline/2020-03-26-cdc-updates-covid-19-testing-and-preparedness-guidelines (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Stiles, K. Personal interview by Melville KGV, editor. 2023.Google Scholar
Aslam, R. Written questionnaire provided to Melville KGV, editor. 2023.Google Scholar
Duchesne, J. Written questionnaire provided to Melville KGV, editor. 2023.Google Scholar
Notifiable disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023. www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/sources-definitions/notifiable-disease.htm (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Buser, G. Personal interview by Melville KGV, editor. 2023.Google Scholar
Guidelines Development. National Health Institutes. 2024. www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/about-the-guidelines/guidelines-development (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Interim Clinical Considerations for COVID-19 Treatment in Outpatients. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/outpatient-treatment-overview.html (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
COCA Calls/Webinars. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. n.d. https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/calls/index.asp (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Covid 19 vaccines: Update on allergic reactions, contraindications and Precautions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2020/12.30.20-COCA-Call-Transcript.pdf (Accessed March 4, 2020).Google Scholar
Ow Yong, LM, Xin, X, Wee, JML, Poopalalingam, R, Chiang Kwek, KY, Thumboo, J. Perception Survey of Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication in an Acute Hospital in the Management of COVID-19 Pandemic in Singapore. BMC Public Health 2020;20:1919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurley, K. Personal interview by Melville KGV, editor. 2023.Google Scholar
Schmid, KL, Rivers, SE, Latimer, AE, Salovey, P. Targeting or Tailoring? Maximizing Resources to Create Effective Health Communications. Mark Health Serv 2008;28(1):3237.Google ScholarPubMed
Petty, RE, Brino, P. The Elaboration Likelihood Model. In: Kruglanski, AW, Higgins, ET, Van Lange, PAM, editors. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology, Volumes 1 & 2. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 2011; 224–45.Google Scholar
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion. Behavior Works Australia. n.d. https://prevention.nd.gov/files/bingedrinking/ELM%20-%20Australia.pdf (Accessed March 4, 2024).Google Scholar
CDC Press Conference: CDC Confirms First Ebola Case Diagnosed in the United States [press release]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/t0930-ebola-confirmed-case.html (Accessed August 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Bell, BP, Damon, IK, Jernigan, DB, Kenyon, TA, Nichol, ST, O’Connor, JP, et al. Overview, Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic. MMWR Suppl 2016;65(3):411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedrosian, SR, Young, CE, Smith, LA, Cox, JD, Manning, C, Pechta, L, et al. Lessons of Risk Communication and Health Promotion – West Africa and United States. MMWR Suppl 2016;65(3):6874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, M, Philipps, D. Death of Thomas Eric Duncan in Dallas fuels alarm over Ebola. The New York Times. 2014. www.nytimes.com/2014/10/09/us/ebola-us-thomas-eric-duncan.html (Accessed August 1, 2023).Google Scholar
CDC update on Dallas Ebola Response [press release]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/t1012-ebola-reponse-update.html (Accessed August 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Texas Reports Positive Test for Ebola in One Additional Healthcare Worker [press release]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/s1015-texas-second-health-care-worker.html (Accessed August 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Schnirring, L. Second Ebola-infected Dallas nurse triggers air passenger tracing. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. 2014. www.cidrap.umn.edu/ebola/second-ebola-infected-dallas-nurse-triggers-air-passenger-tracing (Accessed August 1, 2023).Google Scholar
CDC Telebriefing: CDC update on first Ebola case diagnosed in the United States [press release]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/t1012-ebola-reponse-update.html (Accessed August 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Ebola Virus Disease: Factsheets and Posters. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/communication-resources/index.html (Accessed August 1, 2023).Google Scholar
CDC Releases New Reports on Ebola Cases in Liberia and the United States [press release]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p1114-ebola-liberia.html (Accessed August 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Ebola: People + Public Health + Political Will David J. Sencer CDC Museum. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018. www.cdc.gov/museum/exhibits/ebola.htm (Accessed August 1, 2023).Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2014. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2014.Google Scholar
CDC and Frontier Airlines Announce Passenger Notification Underway [press release]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/s1015-airline-notification.html (Accessed August 1, 2023).Google Scholar

References

Daft, RL, Lengel, RH. Organizational Information Requirements, Media Richness, and Structural Design. Manage Sci 1986;32(5):554–71.Google Scholar
Ledford, CJW. Changing Channels: A Theory-Based Guide to Selecting Traditional, New, and Social Media in Strategic Social Marketing. Soc Mar Q 2012;18(3):175–86.Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2018. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2018.Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2014. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2014.Google Scholar
Health Alert Network (HAN). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. https://emergency.cdc.gov/han (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Epidemic Information Exchange (Epi-X). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018 https://emergency.cdc.gov/epix/index.asp (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Schwendinger, J, Lahr, E, Lynch, J, McCollom, M, Evanson, AF. Use of CDC’s Epidemic Information Exchange System as a Disease Surveillance Tool. Emerg Threats J 2011;4:11108.Google Scholar
Merkel, MJ, Edwards, R, Ness, J, Eriksson, C, Yoder, S, Gilliam, S, et al. Statewide Real-Time Tracking of Beds and Ventilators During Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Beyond. Crit Care Explor 2020;2(6):e0142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EMResource. Indiana Department of Health. 2024. www.in.gov/health/emergency-preparedness/emresource (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
EMResource. Wisconsin Department of Health Services. n.d. www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/preparedness/systems/emresource.htm (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Mehta, J, Yates, T, Smith, P, Henderson, D, Winteringham, G, Burns, A. Rapid Implementation of Microsoft Teams in Response to COVID-19: One Acute Healthcare Organisation’s Experience. BMJ Health Care Inform 2020;27(3):e100209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gupta, R, Naik, BN, Ganesh, V, Singh, A, Soni, SL, Puri, GD. Evaluation of Utility and Usefulness of Webinars on COVID-19 Management: A Questionnaire-Based Survey. Ain-Shams J Anesthesiol 2021;13(1):67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvalho-Silva, D, Garcia, L, Morgan, SL, Brooksbank, C, Dunham, I. Ten Simple Rules for Delivering Live Distance Training in Bioinformatics across the Globe Using Webinars. PLoS Comput Biol 2018;14(11):e1006419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aagaard, J. On the Dynamics of Zoom Fatigue. Convergence 2022;28(6):1878–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riedl, R. On the Stress Potential of Videoconferencing: Definition and Root Causes of Zoom Fatigue. Electron Mark 2022;32(1):153–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLuhan, M. Understanding Media. London, Routledge, 1964.Google Scholar
Yap, J, Chadhry, C, Jha, K, Mani, S, Mitra, S. Are Responses to the Pandemic Inclusive? A Rapid Virtual Audit of COVID-19 Press Briefings in LMICs. World Dev 2020;136:105122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, WL, Bandola-Gill, J, Grek, S. Next Slide Please: The Politics of Visualization during COVID-19 Press Briefings. J Eur Policy 2024;31(3):729–55.Google Scholar
Writing Effective Talking Points. George Mason University Writing Center. 2014. https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/writing-resources/different-genres/writing-effective-talking-points (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA). Federal Communications Commission. n.d. www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/wireless-emergency-alerts-wea (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Bean, H, Grevstad, N, Meyer, A, Koutsoukos, A. Exploring Whether Wireless Emergency Alerts Can Help Impede the Spread of Covid-19. J Contig Crisis Manage 2021;30(2):185203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granicus. Digital Experiences for Government. n.d. https://granicus.com (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Boerngen, M. Effectiveness of Paperless Communication from the USDA Farm Service Agency. J ASFMRA 2019:27–32.Google Scholar
Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Capabilities: National Standards for State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Public Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. www.cdc.gov/orr/readiness/capabilities/index.htm (Accessed January 11, 2024).Google Scholar
Momenipour, A, Rojas-Murillo, S, Murphy, B, Pennathur, P, Pennathur, A. Usability of State Public Health Department Websites for Communication during a Pandemic: A Heuristic Evaluation. Int J Ind Ergon 2021;86:103216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ISO. Online Browsing Platform. International Organization for Standardization. 2018. www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:9241:-11:ed-2:v1:en (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
An, S, Jung, JJ. A Heuristic Approach on Metadata Recommendation for Search Engine Optimization. Concurr Comput 2019;33(3):e5407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jimenez, AJ, Estevez-Reboredo, RM, Santed, MA, Ramos, V. COVID-19 Symptom-Related Google Searches and Local COVID-19 Incidence in Spain: Correlational Study. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(12):e23518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squarespace. Editing page titles. 2023. https://support.squarespace.com/hc/en-us/articles/206544147#toc-change-an-seo-title (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Squarespace. Adding alt text to images. 2023. https://support.squarespace.com/hc/en-us/articles/206542357-Adding-alt-text-to-images (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Sutton, J, Spiro, ES, Johnson, B, Fitzhugh, S, Gibson, B, Butts, CT. Warning Tweets: Serial Transmission of Messages during the Warning Phase of a Disaster Event. Inf Commun Soc 2014;17(6):765–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottfried, J. Americans’ Social Media Use. Pew Research Center. 2024. www.pewresearch.org/internet/2024/01/31/americans-social-media-use (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Bade, G. Lawmakers shift gears on TikTok ban. Politico. 2023. www.politico.com/news/2023/10/09/what-happened-to-the-tiktok-ban-00120434 (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Bajaj, S, Singh, P. Analyzing Rise of Social Media: Podcasts During Covid-19 Pandemic. In: Manimekalai, K, Poulpunitha, S, editors. Prevalence of Screen Addiction among College Students. Tamil Nadu, Shanlax Publications, 2022; 134–52.Google Scholar
Shearer, E, Liedke, J, Matsa, KE, Lipka, M, Jurkowitz, M. Podcasts as a Source of News and Information. Pew Research Center. 2023. www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2023/04/18/podcasts-as-a-source-of-news-and-information (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Rogan, J. #1718 Dr. Sanjay Gupta. The Joe Rogan Experience. Spotify. 2021.Google Scholar
Gupta, S. Dr. Sanjay Gupta: Why Joe Rogan and I sat down and talked – for more than 3 hours. CNN. 2021. www.cnn.com/2021/10/13/health/sanjay-gupta-joe-rogan-experience/index.html (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Almalki, M, Azeez, F. Health Chatbots for Fighting COVID-19: A Scoping Review. Acta Inform Med 2020;28(4):241–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amiri, P, Karahanna, E. Chatbot Use Cases in the Covid-19 Public Health Response. JAMIA Open 2022;29(5):1000–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Health Bot. Microsoft. 2024. https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/products/bot-services/health-bot (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Bitran, H, Gabarra, J. Delivering information and eliminating bottlenecks with CDC’s COVID-19 assessment bot. Microsoft. 2020. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2020/03/20/delivering-information-and-eliminating-bottlenecks-with-cdcs-covid-19-assessment-bot (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Gonzales, R, Chappell, B. California’s Camp Fire becomes the deadliest wildfire in state history. NPR. 2018. www.npr.org/2018/11/13/667315613/californias-camp-fire-becomes-the-deadliest-in-state-history (Accessed April 23, 2023).Google Scholar
Brekke, D. Report: PG&E knew high-voltage lines posed fire danger, but put off repairs. KQED. 2019. www.kqed.org/news/11760156/report-pge-knew-about-extensive-power-line (Accessed March 7, 2023).Google Scholar
National Institute of Standards and Technology. New timeline of deadliest California wildfire could guide Lifesaving Research and Action. 2021. www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2021/02/new-timeline-deadliest-california-wildfire-could-guide-lifesaving-research (Accessed March 10, 2023).Google Scholar
Economics & Planning Systems, Inc. Industrial Economics Incorporated. Camp Fire Regional Economic Impact Analysis. 3CORE. 2021. https://3coreedc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Camp-Fire-Regional-Economic-Impact-Analysis-January-2021.pdf (Accessed March 10, 2023).Google Scholar
Hernandez, L. Camp Fire, Woolsey fire prompt public health emergency declaration for California. San Francisco Chronicle. 2018. www.sfchronicle.com/california-wildfires/article/Camp-Fire-Woolsey-Fire-prompt-public-health-13390425.php (Accessed April 20, 2023).Google Scholar
California Air Resources Board. New analysis shows spikes of metal contaminants, including lead, in 2018 Camp Fire wildfire smoke. 2021. ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/new-analysis-shows-spikes-metal-contaminants-including-lead-2018-camp-fire-wildfire-smoke (Accessed April 20, 2023).Google Scholar
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Wildfires: How Do They Affect Our Water Supplies? Environmental Protection Agency. 2019. www.epa.gov/sciencematters/wildfires-how-do-they-affect-our-water-supplies (Accessed April 23, 2023).Google Scholar
Helmer, J. Wildfires can spark widespread contamination of public water supplies. NRDC. 2020. www.nrdc.org/stories/wildfires-can-spark-widespread-contamination-public-water-supplies (Accessed April 20, 2023).Google Scholar
California Water Boards. Contamination found in streams following Camp Fire. State of California. 2019. www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2019/pr01182019_campfire_water_contaminants.pdf (Accessed April 20, 2023).Google Scholar
Proctor, CR, Lee, J, Yu, D, Shah, AD, Whelton, AJ. Wildfire Caused Widespread Drinking Water Distribution Network Contamination. AWWA Water Science. 2020;2(4):e1183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ABC10. Camp Fire Live Press Conference. YouTube. 2018. www.youtube.com/watch (Accessed April 20, 2023).Google Scholar
Butte County Public Health. Public health. Butte County, California. n.d. www.buttecounty.net/610/Public-Health (Accessed April 20, 2023).Google Scholar
Crisis & Emergency Risk Communication. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018. https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc (Accessed April 20, 2023).Google Scholar
Butte County Public Health Facebook. Facebook. 2018. www.facebook.com/buttecountypublichealth (Accessed April 20, 2023).Google Scholar
KERO ABC News. Watch live: Press conference updating the condition of the camp fire. YouTube. 2018. www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pod0SyQ_GVM (Accessed April 20, 2023).Google Scholar
Sergent, J, Petras, G, Gelles, K, Bacon, J. 3 startling facts about California’s Camp Fire. Gannett Satellite Information Network. 2018. www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/11/20/camp-fire-3-startling-facts/2064758002 (Accessed April 20, 2023).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×