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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 June 2025
Sets of points can be analysed from their positions in space and line segments can be studied separately for their own spatial arrangements and relationships. Combining points and lines as the nodes and edges of a spatial graph provides a flexible and powerful approach to spatial analysis. Such graphs and their network versions are studied by Graph Theory, a branch of mathematics that quantifies their properties, with or without additional features such as labels, weights and functions associated with the nodes and edges. Some relevant graph theory terms are introduced, including connectivity, connectedness, modularity and centrality. Networks are graphs with additional features, usually representing an observed system of interest, whether aspatial like a food web or spatial like a metacommunity. Key concepts for the latter example are connectivity, migration and network flow.
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