Previous meta-analyses have shown that almost all antipsychotics are associated with weight gain. However, mean weight gain is not informative about clinically relevant weight gain or weight loss.

To provide further insight into the more severe body weight changes associated with antipsychotic use, we assessed the proportion of patients with clinically relevant weight gain (CRWG) and clinically relevant weight loss (CRWL), defined as ≥7% weight gain and ≥7% weight loss.

We searched PubMed, Embase and PsycInfo for randomised controlled trials of antipsychotics that reported CRWG and CRWL in study populations aged 15 years or older. We conducted meta-analyses stratified by antipsychotic and study duration using a random-effects model. We performed meta-regression analyses to assess antipsychotic-naive status and psychiatric diagnosis as modifiers for CRWG. PROSPERO: CRD42020204734.

We included 202 articles (201 studies). Almost all included antipsychotics were associated with CRWG. For CRWL, available data were too limited to draw firm conclusions. For some antipsychotics, CRWG was more pronounced in individuals who were antipsychotic-naive than in individuals switching to another antipsychotic. Moreover, a longer duration of antipsychotic use was associated with more CRWG, but not CRWL. For some antipsychotics, CRWG was higher in people diagnosed with schizophrenia, but this was inconsistent.

Switching antipsychotic medication is associated with both weight gain and weight loss, but the level of CRWG is higher than CRWL in antipsychotic-switch studies. CRWG was more pronounced in antipsychotic-naive patients, highlighting their vulnerability to weight gain. The impact of diagnosis on CRWG remains inconclusive.

Prisoners with an intellectual disability are overrepresented in custody and more likely to reoffend and be reincarcerated compared with the general prison population. Although prisoners with intellectual disability have many of the same risk factors for recidivism as the general prison population, the high rates of mental illness experienced by this group are key drivers of recidivism.

We aimed to assess the impact of provision of post-release disability and community mental health support on rates of reincarceration in a cohort with identified intellectual disability and serious mental illness diagnosis.

We conducted a historical cohort study using linked administrative data-sets, including data on hospital admissions, community mental health, disability support and corrections custody in New South Wales, Australia (n = 484). To assess the time to return to adult custody, we used survival analysis on multiple failure-time data.

Over the median follow-up period of 7.4 years, 73.7% (357) received community mental health support, 19.8% (96) received disability support and 18.6% (85) received a combination of supports during a post-release period from prison. Lower hazards of reincarceration in a post-release period were associated with receipt of community mental health support (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58, CI 0.49–0.69, P < 0.001), or a combination of community mental health and disability support (HR = 0.46, CI 0.34–0.61, P < 0.001).

High rates of reincarceration for prisoners with intellectual disability and history of serious mental illness may be modifiable by provision of appropriate mental health and disability supports.

An extracurricular clinical communication course called PsychED Up, with a focus on Psychiatry, met with challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated social distancing requirements. The course is usually delivered face-to-face by a small team of doctors, medical students, actors and lived-experience practitioners, and consists of large-group teaching on a weekly topic, followed by small group simulations. A small-scale study was performed to evaluate whether conducting clinical communication teaching and simulation online was acceptable, effective and feasible.

Twelve students and ten faculty members participated in the online session, performing live clinical scenarios with simulated patients, over a two-hour period. Pre-and post-course questionnaires were designed with quantitative measures of confidence and qualitative questions about participants’ experience. Eight students completed both questionnaires. Questionnaire answers were analysed using a mixed-methods approach, with themes identified from the qualitative long answers, and statistical analysis of quantitative answers was also performed.

Students found the session beneficial, with all indicating that they would sign up for a full online course. Based on answers to the quantitative questions, 50% of students felt more prepared for their clinical examinations. (p = 0.046). However, all participants noted a reduction in their ability to read non-verbal cues and body language. Returning students found they were less attentive during the session compared with the original face-to-face teaching (p = 0.05). Actors and faculty members found that the online course was feasible, acceptable and effective. However, most agreed that it was not preferable to teaching clinical communication skills face to face. Technological issues were minimal.

The majority of students and faculty found the session both beneficial and enjoyable, but felt face to face sessions would be more helpful in teaching clinical communication. Student attentiveness and awareness of non-verbal cues were highlighted as concerns. However, students generally responded positively to the online course, particularly the quality and diversity of peer feedback. Teaching clinical communication virtually has the potential to be successful, and has implications for future undergraduate medical teaching.

Excellence is that quality that drives continuously improving outcomes for patients. Excellence must be measurable. We set out to measure excellence in forensic mental health services according to four levels of organisation and complexity (basic, standard, progressive and excellent) across seven domains: values and rights; clinical organisation; consistency; timescale; specialisation; routine outcome measures; research and development.

To validate the psychometric properties of a measurement scale to test which objective features of forensic services might relate to excellence: for example, university linkages, service size and integrated patient pathways across levels of therapeutic security.

A survey instrument was devised by a modified Delphi process. Forensic leads, either clinical or academic, in 48 forensic services across 5 jurisdictions completed the questionnaire.

Regression analysis found that the number of security levels, linked patient pathways, number of in-patient teams and joint university appointments predicted total excellence score.

Larger services organised according to stratified therapeutic security and with strong university and research links scored higher on this measure of excellence. A weakness is that these were self-ratings. Reliability could be improved with peer review and with objective measures such as quality and quantity of research output. For the future, studies are needed of the determinants of other objective measures of better outcomes for patients, including shorter lengths of stay, reduced recidivism and readmission, and improved physical and mental health and quality of life.

Chronic high-dose (CHD) prescription opioid use is a major public health concern. Although CHD opioid use has been associated with psychiatric disorders, the causality could go both ways. Some studies have already linked psychiatric disorders to an increased risk of transitioning to chronic opioid use, and longitudinal data identifying psychiatric disorders as predictors of CHD opioid use could shed further light on this issue.

To prospectively examine the relationship between the presence of a psychiatric disorder and subsequent development of CHD opioid use in primary care patients newly receiving opioids.

Data were included from 137 778 primary care patients in The Netherlands. Cox regression modelling was used to examine the association between psychiatric disorders prior to a new opioid prescription and subsequent CHD opioid use (≥90 days; ≥50 mg/day oral morphine equivalents) in the subsequent 2 years.

Of all patients receiving a new opioid prescription, 2.0% developed CHD opioid use. A psychiatric disorder before the start of an opioid prescription increased the risk of CHD opioid use (adjusted hazard ratio HR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.62–1.88), specifically psychotic disorders, substance use disorders, neurocognitive disorders and multiple co-occurring psychiatric episodes. Similarly, pharmacotherapy for psychosis, substance use disorders and mood and/or anxiety disorders increased the risk of CHD opioid use. Psychiatric polypharmacy conferred the greatest risk of developing CHD opioid use.

Psychiatric disorders increase the risk of developing CHD opioid use in patients newly receiving prescription opioids. To reduce the public health burden of CHD opioid use, careful monitoring and optimal treatment of psychiatric conditions are advised when opioid therapy is initiated.

Schizophrenia is a complex disorder involving deficits in both cognitive and emotional processes. Specifically, a marked deficit in cognitive control has been found, which seems to increase when dealing with emotional information.

With the aim of exploring the possible common links behind cognitive and emotional deficits, two versions of the emotional Stroop task were administered.

In the cognitive-emotional task, participants had to name the ink colour (while ignoring the meaning) of emotional words. In contrast, the emotional-emotional task consisted of emotional words superimposed on emotional faces, and the participants had to indicate the emotional valence of the faces. Fifty-eight participants (29 in-patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 29 controls) took part in the study.

Patients and controls showed similar response times in the cognitive-emotional task; however, patients were significantly slower than controls in the emotional-emotional task. This result supports the idea that patients show a more pronounced impairment in conflict modulation with emotional content. Besides, no significant correlations between the tasks and positive or negative symptoms were found. This would indicate that deficits are relatively independent of the clinical status of patients. However, a significant correlation between the emotional-emotional task and cognitive symptoms was found.

These findings suggest a restricted capacity of patients with schizophrenia to deal with the attentional demands arising from emotional stimuli.

Little is known about the effect of ethnicity on the response to antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia.

To determine whether ethnicity moderates the response to antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia, and whether this moderation is independent of confounders.

We analysed 18 short-term, placebo-controlled registration trials of atypical antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia (N = 3880). A two-step, random-effects, individual patient data meta-analysis was applied to establish the moderating effect of ethnicity (White versus Black) on symptom improvement according to the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and on response, defined as >30% BPRS reduction. These analyses were corrected for baseline severity, baseline negative symptoms, age and gender. A conventional meta-analysis was performed to determine the effect size of antipsychotic treatment for each ethnic group separately.

In the complete data-set, 61% of patients were White, 25.6% of patients were Black and 13.4% of patients were of other ethnicities. Ethnicity did not moderate the efficacy of antipsychotic treatment: pooled β-coefficient for the interaction between treatment and ethnic group was −0.582 (95% CI −2.567 to 1.412) for mean BPRS change, with an odds ratio of 0.875 (95% CI 0.510–1.499) for response. These results were not modified by confounders.

Atypical antipsychotic medication is equally effective in both Black and White patients with schizophrenia. In registration trials, White and Black patients were overrepresented relative to other ethnic groups, limiting the generalisability of our findings.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness and a common indication for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Research is lacking on the factors that influence response to acute ECT treatment in schizophrenia patients.

This study examined the response rate and associated factors in patients with schizophrenia undergoing bilateral ECT.

Demographic data, clinical characteristics, ECT data and treatment response were respectively reviewed in patients with schizophrenia undergoing bilateral ECT from January 2013 to June 2022.

Forty-six patients were included. Nine responded after the first three sessions, 17 after six sessions, 20 after nine sessions, 25 after 12 sessions and 28 after the last ECT session, cumulatively. The mean of the baseline Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale psychotic symptom subscale score was significantly higher in responders (17.0) than non-responders (10.9) (P < 0.05). The mean of duration of electroencephalogram seizure was significantly longer in responders (53.9) than in non-responders (42.7). There was no association between demographic and ECT data and treatment response. Among 28 responders, 20 responded to ECT after nine sessions (faster responders) and eight responded later (slower responders). The number of failed antipsychotics prior to ECT was 2.8 for faster responders and 4.4 for slower responders (P = 0.02). Nominal logistic regression showed that the number of failed antipsychotics prior to ECT was associated with speed of response to ECT (P = 0.037, odds ratio = 1.77).

ECT is an effective treatment for schizophrenia and may be influenced by the number of failed antipsychotics prior to ECT.

The primary aim of this project was to explore the attitudes of doctors employed by Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust (LYPFT) towards climate change and sustainability issues. Secondary aims were to ascertain psychiatrists’ knowledge of current efforts to mitigate the impact of healthcare on the climate, and to identify barriers to action against the climate crisis.

This was a cross-sectional study using a self-completed questionnaire designed by the team on an online platform (Survey Monkey, www.surveymonkey.co.uk). It was open from 23 August to 19 September 2022 and shared via email with doctors of all grades employed by LYPFT (n = 211). Likert-scale and multiple-choice responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and two-sided t-tests. Free-text responses were analysed independently by four researchers (DH, DR, HO, GS) using thematic analysis. Participants were required to agree to an online consent statement before proceeding. The study was carried out in accordance with University of Leeds ethical protocols.

66 doctors completed the questionnaire (31.3% response rate) of whom 24 (36.3%) were consultants and 42 (63.6%) were junior doctors. 57 (86.3%) respondents agreed that climate change is harmful to mental and physical health. 42 (63.6%) indicated that the climate emergency was relevant to their role, and 46 (69.7%) felt that climate and sustainability issues should be included in educational curricula for all healthcare professionals. Only 4 (6.1%) were aware of the Trust's strategies to mitigate its impact on the climate, and 7 (10.6%) were familiar with the remit and content of the Greener NHS Plan. There were no statistical differences in responses to these questions between consultants and junior doctors.

The most commonly perceived barriers to reducing the Trust's impact on the climate were a lack of willingness to change current practice (n = 28, 42.4%), poor awareness of the impact of the healthcare industry on the climate (n = 16, 24.2%), and an absence of guidance on sustainable practice (n = 15, 22.7%). Three themes emerged among free-text responses to this question: clinical priorities taking precedent, extensive use of pharmaceuticals and a lack of appropriate infrastructure and resources.

LYPFT doctors appreciated the significance of the climate crisis and its relevance to their role as healthcare professionals. However, there is a lack of awareness of local and national efforts to mitigate the impact of healthcare on the climate. Future work should raise awareness of the association between planetary and human health and encourage stakeholders to prioritise sustainability issues.

Studies have shown a relationship between oestrogen and Alzheimer's disease. However, there is neither clear nor strong evidence on the use of oestrogen-only therapy in reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

To assess the effects of oestrogen-only therapy on reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

Inclusion criteria was determined with the PICO framework. Outcome was cognitive function measured by neuropsychological tests and strict protocols. Exclusion criteria included non-Alzheimer's dementia, progesterone-only therapy and pre-menopausal women. Searches were conducted in nine electronic healthcare databases, last searched in July 2022. Quality assessments conducted on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were performed with the GRADE assessment, and cohort studies and case–control studies were assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Extracted data were used to analyse participants, interventions and outcomes.

Twenty-four studies satisfied the search criteria (four RCTs, nine cohort studies, 11 case–control studies). Fifteen studies showed positive associations for oestrogen-only therapy reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease, and the remaining nine found no evidence of association.

Fifteen studies showed that oestrogen-only therapy effectively reduced the risk of Alzheimer's disease, whereas nine showed no correlation. Studies also investigated oestrogen-related variables such as length of oestrogen exposure, being an apolipoprotein E ε4 carrier and concomitant use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and their role in neuroprotection. This review was limited by the limited ranges of duration of oestrogen treatment and type of oestrogen-only therapy used. In conclusion, oestrogen-only therapy has potential for use in preventing Alzheimer's disease, although current evidence is inconclusive and requires further study.

Poor air quality is associated with poor health. Little attention is given to the complex array of environmental exposures and air pollutants that affect mental health during the life course.

We gather interdisciplinary expertise and knowledge across the air pollution and mental health fields. We seek to propose future research priorities and how to address them.

Through a rapid narrative review, we summarise the key scientific findings, knowledge gaps and methodological challenges.

There is emerging evidence of associations between poor air quality, both indoors and outdoors, and poor mental health more generally, as well as specific mental disorders. Furthermore, pre-existing long-term conditions appear to deteriorate, requiring more healthcare. Evidence of critical periods for exposure among children and adolescents highlights the need for more longitudinal data as the basis of early preventive actions and policies. Particulate matter, including bioaerosols, are implicated, but form part of a complex exposome influenced by geography, deprivation, socioeconomic conditions and biological and individual vulnerabilities. Critical knowledge gaps need to be addressed to design interventions for mitigation and prevention, reflecting ever-changing sources of air pollution. The evidence base can inform and motivate multi-sector and interdisciplinary efforts of researchers, practitioners, policy makers, industry, community groups and campaigners to take informed action.

There are knowledge gaps and a need for more research, for example, around bioaerosols exposure, indoor and outdoor pollution, urban design and impact on mental health over the life course.

Humanitarian crises and armed conflicts lead to a greater prevalence of poor population mental health. Following the 1 February 2021 military coup in Burma, the country's civilians have faced humanitarian crises that have probably caused rising rates of mental disorders. However, a dearth of data has prevented researchers from assessing the extent of the problem empirically.

To better understand prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders among the Burmese adult population after the February 2021 military coup.

We fielded an online non-probability survey of 7720 Burmese adults aged 18 and older during October 2021 and asked mental health and demographic questions. We used the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 to measure probable depression and anxiety in respondents. We also estimated logistic regressions to assess variations in probable depression and anxiety across demographic subgroups and by level of trust in various media sources, including those operated by the Burmese military establishment.

We found consistently high rates of probable anxiety and depression combined (60.71%), probable depression (61%) and probable anxiety (58%) in the sample overall, as well as across demographic subgroups. Respondents who ‘mostly’ or ‘completely’ trusted military-affiliated media sources (about 3% of the sample) were significantly less likely than respondents who did not trust these sources to report symptoms of anxiety and depression (AOR = 0.574; 95% CI 0.370–0.889), depression (AOR = 0.590; 95% CI 0.383–0.908) or anxiety (AOR = 0.609; 95% CI 0.390–0.951).

The widespread symptoms of anxiety and depression we observed demonstrate the need for both continuous surveillance of the current situation and humanitarian interventions to address mental health needs in Burma.

Although the COVID-19 pandemic has affected depression, evidence of the role of pre-pandemic history of depression remains limited.

We investigated how long-term trajectories of depressive symptomatology before the COVID-19 pandemic were related to depression during the pandemic, over and above the latest pre-pandemic depression status. Furthermore, we examined whether those experiencing depression closer to the pandemic were at higher risk during the pandemic.

Employing data from waves 4–9 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2008–2009 to 2018–2019), we used group-based trajectory modelling on 3925 English older adults aged 50+ years to identify distinctive trajectories of elevated depressive symptoms (EDS). Fully adjusted logistic models were then used to examine the associations between trajectories and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic (June–July and November–December 2020).

We identified four classes of pre-pandemic trajectories of EDS. About 5% were classed as ‘enduring EDS’, 8% as ‘increasing EDS’, 10% as ‘decreasing EDS’ and 77% as ‘absence of EDS’. Compared with respondents with absence of EDS, those with EDS history were more likely to have depression during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly those with enduring or increasing EDS in the previous 10 years. Moreover, the frequency of EDS was more crucial in predicting the risks of depression during the pandemic than the timing of the latest episode.

Trajectories of depressive symptomatology are an important risk factor for older adults’ mental health, particularly in the context of crisis. Older people with enduring or increasing EDS should receive particular attention from policy makers when provisioning post-pandemic well-being support.

Understanding premature mortality risk from suicide and other causes in youth mental health cohorts is essential for delivering effective clinical interventions and secondary prevention strategies.

To establish premature mortality risk in young people accessing early intervention mental health services and identify predictors of mortality.

State-wide data registers of emergency departments, hospital admissions and mortality were linked to the Brain and Mind Research Register, a longitudinal cohort of 7081 young people accessing early intervention care, between 2008 and 2020. Outcomes were mortality rates and age-standardised mortality ratios (SMR). Cox regression was used to identify predictors of all-cause mortality and deaths due to suicide or accident.

There were 60 deaths (male 63.3%) during the study period, 25 (42%) due to suicide, 19 (32%) from accident or injury and eight (13.3%) where cause was under investigation. All-cause SMR was 2.0 (95% CI 1.6–2.6) but higher for males (5.3, 95% CI 3.8–7.0). The mortality rate from suicide and accidental deaths was 101.56 per 100 000 person-years. Poisoning, whether intentional or accidental, was the single greatest primary cause of death (26.7%). Prior emergency department presentation for poisoning (hazard ratio (HR) 4.40, 95% CI 2.13–9.09) and psychiatric admission (HR 4.01, 95% CI 1.81–8.88) were the strongest predictors of mortality.

Premature mortality in young people accessing early intervention mental health services is greatly increased relative to population. Prior health service use and method of self-harm are useful predictors of future mortality. Enhanced care pathways following emergency department presentations should not be limited to those reporting suicidal ideation or intent.

Rates of diagnosed attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be increasing in the UK.

Estimate incidence and prevalence of ADHD diagnoses and ADHD prescriptions in UK adults and children in primary care.

We conducted a cohort study using IQVIA Medical Research Data, a UK primary care database. Rates of ADHD diagnoses and ADHD prescriptions were calculated between 2000 and 2018 for individuals aged 3–99 years, analysed by age, gender, social deprivation status and calendar year.

Of 7 655 931 individuals, 35 877 (0.5%) had ADHD diagnoses; 18 518 (0.2%) received ADHD medication prescriptions. Diagnoses and prescription rates were greater in men versus women, children versus adults, and deprivation status (nearly double in most deprived versus least deprived quintile). By 2018, the proportion of ADHD diagnoses was 255 per 10 000 (95% CI 247–263) in boys and 67.7 per 10 000 (95% CI 63.5–71.9) in girls; for adults, it was 74.3 per 10 000 (95% CI 72.3–76.2) in men and 20 per 10 000 (95%CI 19.0–21.0) in women. Corresponding figures for prescriptions were 156 per 10 000 (95% CI 150–163) in boys, 36.8 per 10 000 (95% CI 33.8–40.0) in girls, 13.3 per 10 000 (95% CI 12.5–14.1) in men and 4.5 per 10 000 (95% CI 4.1–5.0) in women. Except among 3- to 5-year-olds, the incidence and prevalence of ADHD diagnoses and prescriptions have increased from 2000 to 2018 in all age groups. The absolute increase was highest in children, but the relative increase was largest among adults (e.g. among men aged 18–29 years, approximately 20-fold and nearly 50-fold increases in diagnoses and prescriptions, respectively).

The incidence and prevalence of both ADHD diagnoses and medication are highest among children. Proportionally, rates increased most among adults during 2000–2018. ADHD diagnoses and prescriptions are associated with socioeconomic deprivation.

The last few years have witnessed dramatic increases in presentations of eating disorders to mental health services for children and adults, which could relate to a greater number of people seeking help or to an increase in eating disorders at the population level. Aims: To evaluate the feasibility of online completion of a single module of the compare the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) and to estimate the population prevalence of eating disorders among children and young people aged 6 to 19 years in 2017 and 2021, and to estimate the prevalence of eating disorders among emerging adults aged 20 to 23 years in 2021.

The Mental Health of Children and Young People in England was a cross-sectional survey of a probability sample that recruited 9,117 children and young people in 2017. Follow-up surveys were conducted in 2020, 2021 and 2022. The DAWBA, a multi-informant standardised diagnostic assessment, was completed by parents, teachers and young people aged 11 years or more in 2017. It covered all common mental health conditions, including eating disorders. In 2021 and 2022, parents and young people aged 11 years and over completed the five initial DAWBA screening items to assess eating difficulties as part of the follow-up questionnaire. In 2021, parents and young people who screened positive (n = 1030) were invited to complete the DAWBA eating disorder module online, and a small team of clinical raters reviewed their reports to assign diagnoses according to DSM 5.

There was a year delay in the provision of contact details to contact screen positives, and the response rate was 37% overall, comprising 28% of children aged 11 to 16 years, 23% of young people 17 to 25 years and 19% of parents initially invited. Our results illustrate the large and sustained increase in screen positives between 2017 and the follow-up surveys. We are currently quality-checking the clinical rating for the 2021 data, so we are close to a final prevalence of eating disorders for 2021.

There was an increase in the proportion of children aged 11–16 years with eating difficulties between 2017 (8.4% girls, 5.1 % boys) and 2021 (17.4 % girls, 8.4 % boys), which was maintained in 2021 and 2022 (17. 4% girls, 8.4 % boys). There were similar findings for young people aged 17 to 19 years (60.5% girls, 29.6% boys 2017, 76 % girls, 46% boys 2022)).

Inviting multiple informants provided data on more children and young people although many only had a single report from the person who screen positive. Wave 4 (2023) will integrate the eating disorder module into the original questionnaire to improve response rates. We suspect that the increase in the prevalence of eating disorders will be small despite the large and worrying increase in eating difficulties.

Various effective psychotherapies exist for the treatment of depression; however, only approximately half of patients recover after treatment. In efforts to improve clinical outcomes, research has focused on personalised psychotherapy – an attempt to match patients to treatments they are most likely to respond to.

The present research aimed to evaluate the benefit of a data-driven model to support clinical decision-making in differential treatment allocation to cognitive–behavioural therapy versus counselling for depression.

The present analysis used electronic healthcare records from primary care psychological therapy services for patients receiving cognitive–behavioural therapy (n = 14 544) and counselling for depression (n = 4725). A linear regression with baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics was used to differentially predict post-treatment Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores between the two treatments. The benefit of differential prescription was evaluated in a held-out validation sample.

On average, patients who received their model-indicated optimal treatment saw a greater improvement (by 1.78 PHQ-9 points). This translated into 4–10% more patients achieving clinically meaningful changes. However, for individual patients, the estimated differences in benefits of treatments were small and rarely met the threshold for minimal clinically important differences.

Precision prescription of psychotherapy based on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics is unlikely to produce large benefits for individual patients. However, the benefits may be meaningful from an aggregate public health perspective when applied at scale.