OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Neuroblastoma (NB) is an embryonal cancer of the sympathetic nervous system that affects mostly infants and young children. The complex genetic background present across NB patients results in diverse clinical response and difficulty in individualizing therapy. Currently, NB patients undergo a regimen of genotoxic chemotherapeutics, radiation therapy, and new immunotherapy that, while effective, has significant side effects, including excruciating pain. One promising avenue for targeted therapy in neuroblastoma focuses on anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a cell surface neural receptor tyrosine kinase. We previously identified activating point mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain of ALK as the primary cause of hereditary NB, and we and others subsequently showed that these same alterations are the most common somatic single-nucleotide mutations in the sporadic forms of the disease. Crizotinib, a first-generation small molecule ATP-competitive inhibitor of the ALK tyrosine kinase, showed limited anti-tumor activity in patients with relapsed NB harboring ALK F1174 and F1245 mutations. We have demonstrated that lorlatinib, a novel ATP-competitive ALK inhibitor, overcomes this de novo resistance in preclinical models of ALK-driven NB. Recent clinical trials with lorlatinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer harboring an ALK fusion, and in patients with NB harboring ALK mutations show the emergence of multiple or compound ALK mutations as a mechanism of resistance. We postulate that these compound mutations disrupt the interaction between and ALK and cause resistance. In this study, we employ a computational approach to model mutated ALK in complex with lorlatinib as well as ATP to understand whether the new mutations alter the affinity or mode of lorlatinib/ATP binding to ALK, and thus cause suboptimal ALK inhibition. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We employ methods in computational structural biology and drug design, primarily based on molecular modeling, molecular dynamics (MD), and molecular docking. Based on existing crystal structures of wildtype ALK, we model the mutations and perform MD simulations in order to characterize the activation state of the protein as well as perform ensemble docking calculations to assess the binding affinities and modes in ALK-lorlatinib and ALK-ATP complexes. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We expect that the compound mutations cause resistance to lorlatinib either by lowering protein affinity for the drug or increasing the affinity for ATP. Alternatively, the compound mutations may disrupt the protein activation state, in which case ALK may no longer be active, and another protein/pathway could be driving the resistance. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The results of this study will enable the understanding of the mechanism of resistance to lorlatinib and facilitate the design of new ALK inhibitors, or help develop more optimal and mechanism-guided therapies aimed to overcome the resistance.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Early life stress is known to greatly impact neurodevelopment during critical periods, conferring risk for various psychopathologies, including the onset and exacerbation of schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. The endocannabinoid system is highly integrated into the stress response and may be one means by which early life stress produces such deleterious effects. Using a naturalistic, ecologically valid animal model, this study explored interactions between the stress response and endocannabinoid systems within the cerebellum, a region dense with the CB1 endocannabinoid receptors and shown to be susceptible to stress. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study explored behavioral and neural impacts of early life stress in Long-Evans rats reared with or without limited access to bedding material during postnatal day (PND) 2-9. Corticosterone (CORT) levels were measured at PND8 and 70. During PND50-70, rats were assessed on Novel Object Recognition to test memory, Rotarod to evaluate cerebellar integrity, Elevated Plus Maze to assay anxiety, Social Preference, and Eyeblink Conditioning, a cerebellar-dependent and endocannabinoid-mediated task. Lipid analysis was performed on PND70 tissue samples of cerebellar interpositus (IP) nucleus via high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Both male and female rats experiencing early life stress exhibited significantly impaired recognition memory (N = 16-20/group). Female rats having undergone stress exhibited decreased social preference compared to normally reared females (N = 11/group). Stressed males showed facilitated eyblink conditioning compared to normally reared males (N = 7-9/group). There were no group differences in rotarod or elevated plus maze performance or CORT levels at PND8 or 70 across rearing groups. At PND70, male rats experiencing early life stress exhibited a significant decrease in 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and arachidonic acid levels in the IP nucleus compared to normally reared males (N = 8-9/group). Compared to normally reared females, those experiencing early life stress exhibited a significant increase in prostaglandin E2 levels in the IP nucleus (N = 6-7/group). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Early life stress, induced by limited bedding, resulted in sex-specific behavioral and lipid impairments. Results suggest that stress causes long-term alterations in endocannabinoid dynamics in males in the cerebellar IP nucleus and sex-related lipids in female cerebellum. These changes may contribute to observed long-term behavioral aberrations. Moreover, findings suggest these behavioral changes may be the result of negative-feedback dysfunction (as evidenced by decreased endocannabinoids in males) or increased neural inflammation or proliferation (as evidenced by increased prostaglandins in females). Future analysis will quantify mRNA and protein for cannabinoid receptors to better characterize aberrations to this system. Moreover, other neural regions dense with cannabinoid receptors (i.e., PFC, hippocampus) will be investigated. This work provides a basis for understanding stress impacts on the development of cognitive deficits observed in psychotic and anxiety disorders. Specifically, facilitation of eyblink conditioning complements research in humans with anxiety disorders. Broadly, understanding stress-related endocannabinoid dysregulation may provide insights into risks for, and the development of, psychopathology and uncover novel therapeutic targets with high translational power.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The goals of this study are to develop a human-based screening assay for testing individual drug reactions and investigate the mechanism underlying susceptibility to develop diLQT. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We derived iPSC-CMs from 10 subjects with a high sensitivity to Sotalol (high-S group) and 10 subjects with no changes in QT interval after administration of the same drug (low-S group). Multielectrode array (MEA) was used to measure field potential duration, a surrogate to the QT interval in the electrocardiogram, in iPSC-CMs under basal conditions and in response to increasing concentrations of Sotalol. Transcriptomic profiling of iPSC-CMs from high-S Versus low-S groups was performed using RNA-sequencing. A parameter sensitivity analysis was performed on the Paci et al. iPSC-CM mathematical model to further support the lead hits identified via RNA-sequencing. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Cardiac differentiation resulted in the generation of iPSC-CMs with appropriate cardiac channel expression and response to a hERG blocker E4031. MEA recordings showed a significantly higher response to Sotalol in iPSC-CMs from high-S compared with low-S subjects. Transcriptomic profiling identified upregulation or downregulation of genes (DLG2, KCNE4, PTRF, HTR2C, CAMKV) involved in downstream regulation of cardiac repolarization and calcium handling machinery as underlying high sensitivity to Sotalol. In silico parameter sensitivity analysis corroborated transcriptomic profiling of select genes; upregulated KCNE4 and downregulated CAMKV were predicted to positively and negatively correlate with iPSC-CM action potential duration when exposed to Sotalol, respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our findings suggest subject-specific iPSCs can be used to model functional abnormalities observed in diLQTS and offer novel insights into iPSC-based screening assays for toxic drug reactions. Success of this study may help identify key components underlying diLQT susceptibility to ultimately develop novel therapeutic agents.

Life course research embraces the complexity of health and disease development, tackling the extensive interactions between genetics and environment. This interdisciplinary blueprint, or theoretical framework, offers a structure for research ideas and specifies relationships between related factors. Traditionally, methodological approaches attempt to reduce the complexity of these dynamic interactions and decompose health into component parts, ignoring the complex reciprocal interaction of factors that shape health over time. New methods that match the epistemological foundation of the life course framework are needed to fully explore adaptive, multilevel, and reciprocal interactions between individuals and their environment. The focus of this article is to (1) delineate the differences between lifespan and life course research, (2) articulate the importance of complex systems science as a methodological framework in the life course research toolbox to guide our research questions, (3) raise key questions that can be asked within the clinical and translational science domain utilizing this framework, and (4) provide recommendations for life course research implementation, charting the way forward. Recent advances in computational analytics, computer science, and data collection could be used to approximate, measure, and analyze the intertwining and dynamic nature of genetic and environmental factors involved in health development.

Participant representation, including the Good Participatory Practice guidelines, in the design and execution of clinical research can profoundly affect research structure and process. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, an online registry called the Healthcare Worker Exposure Response and Outcomes (HERO) Registry, was launched to capture the experiences of healthcare workers (HCWs) on the pandemic frontlines. It evolved into a program that distributed COVID-19-related information and connected participants with COVID-19-related research opportunities. Furthermore, a subcommittee of HCWs was created to inform the COVID-19-related clinical research, engagement, and communication efforts. This paper, coauthored by the HERO HCW subcommittee, describes how it was formed, the impact of community participation on the HERO Registry and Research Program, reflections on lessons learned, and implications for future research. Engagement of the HCW Subcommittee resulted in representing their lived experience and ensured that their perspectives as HCWs were incorporated into the HERO Research. The strategies not only supported recruitment and retention efforts but also influenced the HERO research team in framing research questions and data collection pertinent to the participant community. This experience demonstrated the importance of having participants’ input as expert advisors to an investigative team in their research efforts during a global health emergency.

Racially and ethnically minoritized populations have been historically excluded and underrepresented in research. This paper will describe best practices in multicultural and multilingual awareness-raising strategies used by the Recruitment Innovation Center to increase minoritized enrollment into clinical trials. The Passive Immunity Trial for Our Nation will be used as a primary example to highlight real-world application of these methods to raise awareness, engage community partners, and recruit diverse study participants.

The proposal of improving reproducibility by lowering the significance threshold to 0.005 has been discussed, but the impact on conducting clinical trials has yet to be examined from a study design perspective. The impact on sample size and study duration was investigated using design setups from 125 phase II studies published between 2015 and 2022. The impact was assessed using percent increase in sample size and additional years of accrual with the medians being 110.97% higher and 2.65 years longer respectively. The results indicated that this proposal causes additional financial burdens that reduce the efficiency of conducting clinical trials.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: In the context of skeletal muscle, IL-6 plays a major role in muscle quality. The goal of this project was to study the influence of systemic IL-6 on skeletal muscle mitochondrial physiology, most notably mitochondrial function (respiration and ROS production) and mitochondrial content. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To determine the influence of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on skeletal muscle mitochondria, high-resolution respirometry was performed to simultaneously measure oxygen consumption (JO2) and ROS production in differentiated myotubes incubated with increasing IL-6 (0, 10, 50, 100 ng/mL) for 18 hours in serum free conditions. To evaluate the impact of IL-6 on mitochondrial content we performed western blots on cell lysates from treated cells, measuring proteins of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) using a cocktail antibody and PGC-1α/PGC-1ß for mitochondrial biogenesis. To determine the role of mitochondrial ROS production on JO2 and mitochondrial content, we co-treated differentiated myotubes for 18 hours with 50 and 100ng/mL IL-6 and the mitochondrial specific antioxidant, MitoQ and performed respirometry for mitochondrial functional measurements and western blots for mitochondrial content.Statistical significance was evaluated by using a 2-tailed Student’s t-test and two-way ANOVA. Post hoc all-group analyses were conducted to determine which groups were different when the model was significant. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Mitochondrial functional measurements show increased JO2 and increased ROS production in an IL-6 dose-dependent manner. Targeting mitochondrial ROS production with 0.5µm MitoQ attenuated IL-6 induced increases in JO2 and ROS production. Complexes I and II (CI, CII) of the ETC increased significantly in an IL-6 dose-wise fashion, and co-treatment with MitoQ normalized increases at 100ng/mL Il-6. 100ng/mL IL-6 significantly increased protein expression of PGC-1α and PGC-1ß. Co-treatment with MitoQ normalized IL-6 induced increase in PGC-1α. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our data suggest that when treated chronically at a high dose, IL-6 increases mitochondrial respiration, ROS production, and content. Targeting mitochondrial ROS production normalizes these mitochondrial adaptations. The present study provides new insights into mitochondrial physiology in the context of inflammation. Therapeutically targeting mitochondrial ROS production may impact skeletal muscle quality in certain populations.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Motoric cognitive risk (MCR) is a pre-dementia syndrome characterized by slow gait and subjective cognitive complaints. In the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, we aim to (1) identify plasma proteins and protein modules associated with MCR and (2) compare the proteomic signature of MCR to that of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Nondemented ARIC participants were classified by MCR status (yes/no) according to a memory questionnaire and 4-meter walk. MCI status (yes/no) was classified by expert diagnosis using standardized criteria. We measured 4,877 proteins in plasma collected at ARIC Visit 5 (late-life) and Visit 2 (midlife) utilizing the SomaScan4 proteomic assay. Multivariable logistic regression”adjusted for demographic variables, kidney function, cardiovascular risk factors, and APOE4 status”related each protein to MCR at late-life. An FDR corrected P RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Proteome-wide association study among 4076 ARIC participants (mean age=75; 58% women, 17% Black, 4% MCR+, 21% MCI+; MCR+ and MCI+ groups overlapped) at late-life identified 26 MCR-associated proteins involved in metabolism, vascular/visceral smooth muscle, and extracellular matrix organization. At an uncorrected P DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This proteomic characterization of MCR identifies novel plasma proteins and networks, both distinct from and overlapping with those of MCI, thus highlighting the partially divergent mechanisms underlying these pre-dementia syndromes. These findings may be leveraged toward dementia prognostication and targeted therapeutic approaches.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The analyses explore socio-demographic characteristics of community members who are navigated and enrolled in health research through HealthStreet—the CTSA community engagement initiative at University of Florida. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: HealthStreet utilizes the Community Health Worker model to reach the community, conduct health assessments, provide referrals to medical/social services and link people to health research. We compared never navigated, navigated and not enrolled, navigated and enrolled on demographics, access to care, common health conditions and drug use among this community dwelling population. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among the 9581 community members, 51% were navigated to a study; 41% were screened eligible and enrolled (n=2024) for an overall enrollment yield of 21%. Disparities were found for all variables; never navigated Versus the others were more likely to be African American, never married, reporting less education and less access to care. The navigated and enrolled Versus others were older females who reported more education, food insecurity, more access to care, and higher rates of hypertension, depression, and prescription opioid and marijuana use. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our unique and comprehensive data can assist investigators to tailor recruitment efforts that reduce disparities in health research.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Immuno-oncology (IO) strategies are promising new approaches for the treatment of a variety of malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which suppress effector T cell function, are a limitation to durable IO responses. The transcription factor FOXP3 is critical for the mature Treg phenotype. FOXP3 homodimerization is required for DNA binding and transcriptional activity, and mutations mapping to the dimerization region are associated with IPEX syndrome, resulting in dysfunctional Tregs in humans. We therefore hypothesize that inhibitors of FOXP3 dimerization will repress Treg suppression and enhance the anti-MM activity of IO. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To discover FOXP3 dimerization inhibitors, we are modeling FOXP3 homodimerization in vitro. Currently, we are optimizing an ALPHA screen and an ELISA-based dimerization assay using recombinant full length and truncated versions of FOXP3 to discover peptidomimetics that inhibit homodimerization. Induced Tregs expanded from human PBMCs will be treated with lead biologics and functional assays will be performed. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Here we demonstrate Treg suppression of T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion after 5 days of co-culture under basal conditions. Additionally, we developed a MM/T cell co-culture system to measure anti-MM T cell responses and show decreased anti-MM T cell activity in the presence of Tregs. We expect to exploit the assays outlined here to demonstrate defective Treg suppression when FOXP3 dimerization is inhibited. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These studies support drug discovery efforts that will ultimately improve IO therapies for patients with MM.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Stigma may be a barrier to care for Latinx children with autism, given lasting effects on individuals and families in other disorders. No study has explored autism stigma and its effect in this group. We explore the Latinx community’s beliefs and stigmatizing attitudes towards and the effect of stigma on Latinx individuals with autism and their family. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Approximately 30 Latinx parents of typically-developing children recruited from Portland, Oregon and Birmingham, Alabama will complete a 60-90 minute interview and demographics questionnaire in Spanish. Participants will receive $50 for completion of the study. Using a phenomenological approach, a coding framework will be developed for the qualitative interview data. Structural coding will establish a set of predetermined codes that characterize the data generally. An emergent coding approach will be used to create new codes exploring each predetermined global characterization more precisely. Interviews and coding will cease when thematic saturation is achieved. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Research exploring perspectives of parents of children with autism has suggested that autism stigma is high in the Latinx population and results in social isolation. However, results regarding developmental disability stigma in the general Latinx population have shown low rates of reported stigma. This suggests: 1.) stigma is not as high as reported by parents of children with autism, 2.) those perpetuating stigma are not reporting it explicitly on quantitative measures, and/or 3.) those perpetuating stigma are not aware that these attitudes are stigmatizing. A qualitative approach allows for a better characterization of this understudied phenomenon and explores the disconnect between the stigmatized and the stigmatizing. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: By answering: “How do Latinx community members view autism?” and “How does stigma affect social support?” we open avenues for research, including: utilizing collectivistic culture in linguistically- and culturally-sensitive ways to spread knowledge of autism, provide social support for families, and increase inclusivity.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: While most transgender and non-binary (TNB) youth experience improved mental health post-initiating gender-affirming hormones (GAH), some continue to experience persistent, significant depressive symptoms two years post-GAH. Importantly, few studies have examined this issue given the lack of existing longitudinal studies. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We aimed to identify intervenable factors predicting persistent clinical depressive symptoms (PD) among TNB youth two years post-initiation of GAH utilizing the Trans Youth Care U.S. Study, an ongoing, multisite, observational study of TNB youth from four major pediatric hospitals across the U.S. We compared TNB youth (ages 12-20 at baseline) with persisting depression symptoms (PD) two-years post-GAH (i.e., PD; N=59) and those youth without (non-PD; n=215). Logistic regression estimated the association between PD and risk (e.g., negative expectations) and protective factors (e.g., parental acceptance, self-efficacy), measured at baseline and longitudinally. A mixed-effects model compared the rate of change of these factors between PD and non-PD youth. Models controlled for birth sex. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants (Mean age=16) identified as transmasculine, then transfeminine, followed by non-binary. PD youth had higher negative expectations at baseline and internalized transphobia by 2-years, while non-PD youth reported greater parental acceptance over 2-years. The odds of PD compared to non-PD decreased with increasing self-efficacy at baseline (OR=0.7, 95% CI:0.5-0.9), whereas negative expectation for the future was associated with increased odds (OR=1.3, 95% CI:0.9,1.8). Moreover, the odds of PD increased 50% with increased rate of change in negative expectations, and odds decreased 50% with increased rate of change in self-efficacy, after adjusting for baseline negative expectations and self-efficacy, respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We identified key intervenable factors for mental health treatment for TNB youth with PD; specifically, negative expectations increased risk for PD while self-efficacy appeared to buffer against PD risk. These findings also support assessment of youth for negative expectations for the future conferring greater risk for later PD.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Middle ear volume (MEV) is a clinically relevant parameter in the treatment of many common conditions including otitis media, tinnitus, and conductive hearing loss. A growing number of studies have shifted from using tympanometry to 3-dimensional volume reconstruction (3DVR) to calculate MEV; however, MEV values between these methodologies have never before been directly compared. Here, our objective is to characterize agreement between MEV measurement methods across disease states and middle ear sizes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Middle ears were identified from 36 patients ranging 18–89 years of age who underwent tympanometry testing during preoperative workup for tympanic membrane (TM) perforation, up to 1 month prior to a standard-of-care temporal bone computed tomography (CT) between October 15, 2005 and October 15, 2015. MEV values calculated by both tympanometry and 3DVR were analyzed for agreement using Bland and Altman plots. A correction factor was calculated where ear canal volumes were available for contralateral middle ears without TM perforation (n=12), and was applied to a second Bland and Altman plot in the corresponding patient subgroup. MEV agreement was characterized across MEV quartiles (1=smallest; 4=largest) and across increasing states of middle ear disease using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon testing with Bonferonni correction. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A Bland Altman plot demonstrated significant disagreement of MEV differences as compared to a priori clinical thresholds. Absolute MEV difference was significantly greater in the average MEV fourth to first quartile (p=0.0024), fourth to second quartile (p=0.0024), third to first quartile (p=0.0048), and third to second quartile (p=0.048). Absolute MEV difference was not significantly different across varying states of middle ear disease (p=0.44). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Statistically evident and clinically significant disagreement was demonstrated across tympanometric and 3DVR MEV estimates. This lack of agreement was most pronounced at higher average MEV and was persistent yet not appreciably different across varying severities of middle ear disease. These findings may limit the generalizability of studies of the middle ear that differ in MEV estimation methodology, particularly in pathophysiological states where MEV is increased.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To investigate the role of platelet factor-4 (PF4) in B cell differentiation and develop strategies to better modulate B cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We use tissue culture and flow cytometry to examine the role of PF4 in B cell differentiation. We use wild type (WT) and PF4−/− mice on a C57Bl6/J background. PF4−/− mice have reduced in vivo B cell differentiation responses. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that our studies will demonstrate that PF4 promotes B cell differentiation in the bone marrow microenvironment. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The significance of this project may be valuable in developing efficient methods and strategies to increase or limit B cell numbers in vitro and in human disease.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This work may lead to new treatments for crystalline nephropathies. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study investigated obeticholic acid (OCALIVA ®) as a potential treatment for 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA) nephropathy using a mouse model. The treatment was investigated in both sexes at two timepoints. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Male and female C57BL/6J mice (12 weeks of age) were fed chow (Research Diets D19120401i) or chow admixed with adenine (0.2% w/w) ad lib for either 3.5 or 7 weeks. Mice were treated with either vehicle (corn oil) or obeticholic acid (10 mg/kg BW) by gavage 5 days per week. Each of the 16 combinations of sex/diet/timepoint/treatment groups had an n = 6 (96 mice in total). Food and body weights were measured twice per week, and 24-hour urines were collected prior to euthanasia. Serum and organs were collected and processed for biochemical and histopathological analyses. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: At both the 3.5-week and 7-week timepoints, dietary adenine robustly increased BUN and serum creatinine compared to control diet in vehicle-treated male and female mice (P < .01, all comparisons). At the 3.5-week timepoint, obeticholic acid reduced BUN in male (P < .05) but not female adenine mice. Obeticholic acid did not affect serum creatinine at this timepoint. At the 7-week timepoint, obeticholic acid reduced BUN in female (P < .05) but not male adenine mice. At the 7-week timepoint, obeticholic acid reduced serum creatinine in both male (P < .05) and female (P < .01) mice. Biochemical and histopathological analyses are ongoing, and we anticipate that the results will agree with the serum chemistries. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Obeticholic acid is FDA-approved for primary biliary cholangitis, and it is in clinical trials for several other hepatobiliary diseases. Although currently untested in humans, it is nephroprotective in many preclinical models of kidney disease. This study is the first to investigate obeticholic acid in a model of crystalline nephropathy.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal blistering disease caused by autoantibodies to the keratinocyte adhesion protein desmoglein 3. Several other autoimmune diseases have defective B cell tolerance checkpoints, resulting in the accumulation of self-reactive and polyreactive B cells. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The present work aims to determine whether PV patients develop normal tolerance to self-antigens other than desmoglein 3, as a potential “first hit” in the development of autoimmunity. We use FACS to isolate single B cells at 4 developmental stages from 8 PV patients. We perform single-cell RT-PCR to amplify each B cell receptor, produce monoclonal antibodies, and screen these for autoreactivity using ELISA/IF to several self-antigens. At each B cell stage, we compare the frequencies of self-reactive and polyreactive B cells to those found in healthy controls. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate similar frequencies between PV patients and controls, suggesting that the B cell repertoire in PV patients develops normally at early checkpoints. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The absence of generalized reactivity would distinguish PV from other autoimmune diseases and would show that PV arises from a specific break in tolerance to a single self-antigen (desmoglein 3) during late B cell maturation. Such a result would further support PV as an ideal candidate for targeted immunotherapy.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Cholecystokinin-B Receptor -Mediates Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with the use proglumide. Proglumide is a non-selective antagonistic drug therefore, strategies that block signaling at the CCK-BR may provide to be a novel therapeutic option for Hepatocellular Carcinoma treatment OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Cholecystokinin (CCK)and gastrin mediate the growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) through CCK-R and interruption of this signaling pathway could decrease HCC. CCK-Receptors are overexpressed in HCC and proliferation may be mediated through CCK-B. Blockade of the CCK-BR with proglumide decreased both growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: RNA was extracted from murine Hepa1-6, RIL-175 and human HepG2 cells and was evaluated by qRT-PCR for expression of CCK-AR, CCK-BR and gastrin. CCK-R protein expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. HCC cells were treated in vitro with CCK peptide, the CCK-AR antagonist or the CCK-BR antagonist. Proliferation of selective CCK-R KO cells was compared to that of wild-type cells. To determine the effect of a CCK-R antagonist on tumor growth in vivo two cohorts of mice bearing subcutaneous Hepa1-6 or RIL-175 HCC tumors were treated with an oral bioavailable CCK-R antagonist proglumide or untreated water for 3-4 weeks. The mice bearing Hepa1-6 tumors were placed on a high-fat diet to raise blood CCK levels. Mice bearing RIL-175 tumors were fed standard chow to determine if proglumide could block autocrine growth by gastrin. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The mRNA expression of CCK-AR, CCK-BR and gastrin were increased 80-90-fold in all HCC cell lines compared to that of normal liver. CCK-BRs were detected on >85% of the cells by flow cytometry. CCK peptide (1nM) stimulated HCC growth in vitro in both wild-type cells and in CCK-AR KO cells but not in CCK-BR KO cells. CCK-BR antagonist blocked CCK-stimulated growth in vitro but the CCK-AR antagonist did not, suggesting that the CCK-BR was responsible for mediating proliferation. In vivo tumor growth was significantly reduced with proglumide treatment by 70% (p<0.05) in Hepa1-6 and by 73% (p<0.001) in RIL-75 tumors, respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: CCK-Rs are overexpressed in HCC and proliferation appears to be mediated through the CCK-BR. Downregulation with CRISPR Cas9 or blockade of the CCK-BR with an antagonist decreases growth in vitro and proglumide therapy decreases tumor growth in vivo. Strategies that block signaling at the CCK-BR maybe a novel therapeutic option for HCC treatment.

Objectives/Goals: To address the manual, time-consuming processes of validating IRB compliance and ensuring the secure delivery of i2b2 data, this project automates compliance checks, streamlines Protected Health Information (PHI) access, and provides timely, secure data availability while reducing administrative burdens and non-compliance risks. Methods/Study Population: This project enhances the i2b2 application to automate compliance processes and facilitate secure data delivery through integration with REDCap. By linking i2b2 with the IRB system, the application performs automatic compliance checks for project requests, verifying GCP and HIPAA certifications, only allowing the release of IRB-approved PHI variables, safeguarding against unauthorized data access. Manual signatures confirm non-automated compliance processes. Once verified, the application automatically creates a REDCap project, assigns user access, and securely delivers data, ensuring compliance with HIPAA regulations. Results/Anticipated Results: The automated system successfully streamlined IRB compliance checks and data delivery for i2b2 requests. Validation of certifications like GCP and HIPAA, now occurs automatically, significantly reducing the risk of non-compliance. Personnel access to data is limited to IRB-approved PHI, ensuring data security and adherence to institutional standards. The integration with REDCap has reduced manual processes, cutting data request processing time to approximately 30 minutes. Researchers and administrative staff experienced a notable decrease in administrative burden, with faster, more efficient access to approved data while maintaining full compliance with IRB and HIPAA regulations. Discussion/Significance of Impact: The lessons learned can be adapted by institutions to improve compliance efficiency and reduce administrative overhead. Implementing similar automation of certification checks and data delivery, sites can enhance data security, minimize errors, and ensure faster, compliant access to research data.