Book contents
- Urbanisation and State Formation in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
- The Trans-saharan Archaeology Series
- Urbanisation and State Formation in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Introduction
- Part II Oasis Origins in the Sahara: A Region-by-Region Survey
- Part III Neighbours and Comparanda
- 9 Early States and Urban Forms in the Middle Nile
- 10 Mediterranean Urbanisation in North Africa
- 11 Numidian State Formation in the Tunisian High Tell
- 12 The Origins of Urbanisation and Structured Political Power in Morocco
- 13 Architecture and Settlement Growth on the Southern Edge of the Sahara
- 14 Long-Distance Exchange and Urban Trajectories in the First Millennium AD
- 15 First Millennia BC/AD Fortified Settlements at Lake Chad
- 16 At the Dawn of Sijilmasa
- 17 The Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Towns of West Africa
- 18 Urbanisation, Inequality and Political Authority in the Sahara
- Part IV Concluding Discussion
- Index
- References
12 - The Origins of Urbanisation and Structured Political Power in Morocco
Indigenous Phenomenon or Foreign Colonisation?
from Part III - Neighbours and Comparanda
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 March 2020
Book contents
- Urbanisation and State Formation in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
- The Trans-saharan Archaeology Series
- Urbanisation and State Formation in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Introduction
- Part II Oasis Origins in the Sahara: A Region-by-Region Survey
- Part III Neighbours and Comparanda
- 9 Early States and Urban Forms in the Middle Nile
- 10 Mediterranean Urbanisation in North Africa
- 11 Numidian State Formation in the Tunisian High Tell
- 12 The Origins of Urbanisation and Structured Political Power in Morocco
- 13 Architecture and Settlement Growth on the Southern Edge of the Sahara
- 14 Long-Distance Exchange and Urban Trajectories in the First Millennium AD
- 15 First Millennia BC/AD Fortified Settlements at Lake Chad
- 16 At the Dawn of Sijilmasa
- 17 The Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Towns of West Africa
- 18 Urbanisation, Inequality and Political Authority in the Sahara
- Part IV Concluding Discussion
- Index
- References
Summary
This chapter reviews the evidence for the emergence of urbanisation in Morocco and evaluates the contributions of Phoenician settlers and of local communities to this process. In line with the new evidence from Tunisia, the previously emphatic emphasis on the role of outsiders in introducing urbanism and sparking the initial steps towards state formation now seems less convincing, with a much more significant role for local actors.
After first reviewing the ancient source evidence and the history of archaeological research, I shall present the latest archaeological findings based on my personal experience of a number of key settlements, as well as some impressive funerary monuments that illustrate the emergence of hierarchy within early Berber (Imazighen) society (Fig. 12.1)
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
Aranegui-Gasco, C. 2001. Lixus: Colonia fenicia y ciudad punico-mauritana. Valencia: SAGVNTVM, Papeles del Laboratorio de Arqueologia de Valencia. Extra 4.Google Scholar
Brandherm, D. 2007. Las espadas del Bronce Final en la Península Ibérica y Baleares. Prähistorische Bronzefunde, vol. IV. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 16.Google Scholar
Bokbot, Y. 1991. Habitats et monuments funéraires du Maroc protohistorique. Thèse de Doctorat, Université de Provence.Google Scholar
Bokbot, Y. 1998. Une céramique à graffito à Lixus. Bulletin d’Archéologie Marocaine 18: 321–23.Google Scholar
Bokbot, Y. and Onrubia-Pintado, J. 1992. La basse vallée de l’Oued Loukkos à la fin des temps préhistoriques. In Actes du Colloque International: la ville antique de Lixus. Larache 8–11 Novembre 1989. Rome: Collection de l’Ecole Française de Rome 166, 17–26.Google Scholar
Bokbot, Y. and Onrubia-Pintado, J. 1995. Substrat autochtone et colonisation phénicienne au Maroc. Nouvelles recherches protohistoriques dans la péninsule tingitane. In Actes du 118 Congrès National des Sociétés Historiques et Scientifiques. Paris: CNRS, 219–31.Google Scholar
Callegarin, L., Kbiri Alaoui, M., Ichkhakh, A. and Roux, J.C. (eds). 2016. Rirha: Site antique et medieval du Maroc. II. Période Maurétanienne (Ve siècle av. J.-C. – 40 ap. J.-C.). Madrid: Casa de Velázquez.Google Scholar
Camps, G. 1961a. Aux origines de la Berbérie. Massinissa ou les débuts de I’histoire. Libyca 8. Algiers: Service des Antiquités.Google Scholar
Camps, G. 1961b. Monuments et rites funéraires protohistoriques: Aux origines de la Berbérie. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques.Google Scholar
Camps, G. 1979. Les Numides et la civilisation punique. Antiquités africaines 14: 43–53.Google Scholar
Camps, G. 1993. Réflexions sur l’origine protohistorique des cités en Afrique du Nord. In Serra, L. (ed.), La città mediterranea: Eredita antica e apporto arabo-islamico sulle rive del Mediterraneo occidentale e in particolare nel Maghreb: atti del Congresso internazionale di Bari, 4–7 maggio 1988. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale, 73–81.Google Scholar
Cintas, P. 1954. Contribution à l’étude de l’expansion carthaginoise au Maroc. Paris: Publication de l’Institut. des Hautes Etudes Marocaine 56.Google Scholar
de Torres, J. and Ruiz-Gálvez, M., 2014. Unravelling patterns in Oukaïmeden rock art. Complutum 25.2: 167–87.Google Scholar
El Khayari, A. 2007. La présence phénicienne au Maroc. Les Dossiers d’Archéologie (Hors Série 13, La Méditerranée des Phéniciens): 56–59.Google Scholar
Euzennat, M. 1965. Héritage punique et influences gréco-romaines au Maroc à la veille de la conquête romaine. In Le rayonnement des civilisations grecque et latine sur les cultures périphériques. VIIIème Congrès International d’Archéologie Classique. Paris: de Boccard, 265–66.Google Scholar
Février, P-A. 1967. Origine de l’habitat urbain en Maurétanie césarienne. Journal des Savants 2: 107–23.Google Scholar
Gozalbes-Gravioto, E. 1975. Las edades del cobre y bronce en el N-O de Marruecos. Cuadernos de la biblioteca espanola de Tetuan 12: 7–32.Google Scholar
Grébénart, D. 1967. Prospection archélogique dans la region de Taza (Maroc), préhistoire et protohistoire. Libyca 15: 147–55.Google Scholar
Grillo, W.F. 2003. Recherches archéologiques maroco-italiennes 2002–2003. Rome: Edizioni Quasar, Istituto Italiano di Cultura.Google Scholar
Gsell, S. 1916. Hérodote. Textes relatifs à l’Histoire ancienne de l’Afrique du Nord. Algiers and Paris: Ernest Leroux.Google Scholar
Gsell, S. 1927. Histoire ancienne de l’Afrique du Nord, vol V. Paris: Librairie Hachette.Google Scholar
Jodin, A. 1957. Note préliminaire sur l’établissement préromain de Mogador. Bulletin d’Archéologie Marocain 2: 9–40.Google Scholar
Jodin, A. 1966. Mogador: Comptoir Phénicien du Maroc atlantique. Rabat: Etudes et Travaux d’Archéologie Marocaine 2.Google Scholar
Kbiri-Alaoui, M., Siraj, A. and Vismara, C. 2004. Recherches archéologiques maroco-italiennes dans le Rif. L’Africa romana 15: 567–604.Google Scholar
Malhomme, J. 1953. Les représentations anthropomorphes du Grand Atlas. Libyca anthropologie-préhistoire-ethnographie 1: 373–85.Google Scholar
Martínez-Sánchez, R.M., Vera-Rodríguez, J.C., Pérez-Jordà, G., Peña-Chocarro, L. and Bokbot, Y. 2018. The beginning of the Neolithic in northwestern Morocco. Quaternary International 470 B: 485–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marzoli, D. and El Khayari, A. 2010. Vorbericht Mogador (Marokko) 2008. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Madrid 51: 61–108.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 2011. Imperialism, Power and Identity. Experiencing the Roman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 2016. Who shaped Africa? The origins of agriculture and urbanism in Maghreb and Sahara. In Mugnai, N., Nikolaus, J. and Ray, N. (eds). De Africa Romaque. Merging Cultures across North Africa. London: Society for Libyan Studies, 11–25.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Leitch, V., Duckworth, C.N., Cuénod, A., Sterry, M. and Cole, F. (eds). 2017. Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Trans-Saharan Archaeology Volume 1. Series editor Mattingly, D.J.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and The Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Pallary, P. 1907. Recherches palethnologiques sur le littoral du Maroc en 1906. L’Anthropologie 18: 301–14.Google Scholar
Pallary, P. 1915. Recherches préhistoriques effectuées au Maroc (1912–1913). L’Anthropologie 26: 193–217.Google Scholar
Papi, E. and Akerraz, A. (eds). 2008. Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed – Thamusida 1. I contesti. Rome: Quasar.Google Scholar
Papi, E. 2019. Revisiting first millennium BC graves in north-west Morocco. In Gatto, M.C, Mattingly, D.J., Ray, N. and Sterry, M. (eds), Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 281–312.Google Scholar
Ponsich, M. 1967. Nécropoles phéniciennes de la région de Tanger. Rabat: Etudes et Travaux d’Archéologie Marocaine 3.Google Scholar
Ponsich, M. 1969. Influences phéniciennes sur les populations rurales de la région de Tanger. In Tartessos y sus problemas. V Symposium Internacional de Prehistoria Peninsular. Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona, 173–84.Google Scholar
Ponsich, M. 1981. Lixus: Le quartier des temples. Rabat: Etudes et Travaux d’Archéologie Marocaine 9.Google Scholar
Ponsich, M. 1988. Implantation rurale du Maroc phénicien. Dossiers Histoire et Archéologie 132: 84–87.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Gálvez Priego, M. 1983. Espada procédante de la ria de Larache en el Museo de Berlin Oeste. In Homenaje al Prof Martin Almagro-Basch. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, vol. 2, 63–68.Google Scholar
Sáez Martín, B. 1955. Sobre la supuesta existencia de una edad del bronce en Africa menor. In IIe Congrès Panafricain de Préhistoire, Alger 1952. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques, 659–62.Google Scholar
Shipley, G. 2012. Pseudo-Skylax’s Periplous: The Circumnavigation of the Inhabited World. Text, Translation and Commentary. Exeter: Bristol University Press.Google Scholar
Souville, G. 1995. Pénétrations atlantiques des influences ibériques au Maroc protohistorique. In IIe Congreso Internacional: El Estrecho de Gibraltar, Ceuta Novembre 1990. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, vol. 2, 245–92.Google Scholar
Tarradell, M. 1952. El tumulo de Mezora (Marruecos). Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina 3: 229–39.Google Scholar
Tarradell, M. 1954. Las excavaciones de Lixus. In IV congreso internacional de ciencias prehistóricas y protohistóricas. Zaragoza: La Académica, 789–96.Google Scholar
Villard, F. 1960. Céramique grecque du Maroc. Bulletin d’Archéologie Marocaine 4: 1–26.Google Scholar
Vuillemot, G. 1965. Reconnaissances aux échelles puniques d’Oranie. Autun: Musée Rolin.Google Scholar
- 3
- Cited by