Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of figures
- List of tables
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Introduction
- 1 Comparative-historical analysis in contemporary political science
- Part II Agenda-setting work
- Part III Tools for temporal analysis
- Part IV Issues of method
- Epilogue: comparative-historical analysis: past, present, future
- Index
- References
1 - Comparative-historical analysis in contemporary political science
from Part I - Introduction
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2015
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of figures
- List of tables
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Introduction
- 1 Comparative-historical analysis in contemporary political science
- Part II Agenda-setting work
- Part III Tools for temporal analysis
- Part IV Issues of method
- Epilogue: comparative-historical analysis: past, present, future
- Index
- References
Summary
Comparative-historical analysis (CHA) has a long and distinguished pedigree in political science. In a discipline in which a succession of different movements has advocated new approaches promising more powerful theory or new methodologies for more rigorously testing theory, or both, CHA has stood the test of time. It remains the approach of choice for many scholars spanning all generations and continues to set agendas – both theoretical and substantive – for many other scholars who use alternative analytical and methodological tools.
In this introductory chapter, we explore the resilience and continuing influence of CHA in contemporary political science. We attribute the enduring impact of CHA to strengths built into its very defining features: its focus on large-scale and often complex outcomes of enduring importance; its emphasis on empirically grounded, deep case-based research; and its attention to process and the temporal dimensions of politics. These features not only distinguish CHA but also endow the approach with comparative advantages not found in other research.
The methodological churning within political science is not new, and yet it seems to have intensified over the past several years. Beginning in the late 1980s, the field underwent important changes as rational choice theory made its way into the mainstream of the discipline. Scholarship using game theory was greeted with considerable fanfare and controversy, celebrated by some for the theoretical elegance of its models, criticized by others for the limited leverage that these models often seemed to offer in explaining real world outcomes. Even if this line of work did not have the transformative effects that some predicted, clearly it now occupies an important place in the discipline.
More recently, an empiricist strand of work has emerged with similar energy and force. Billed by its proponents as a “revolution in causal inference,” the experimental method has been sweeping through many departments. Today's experimentalists put great emphasis on research design, often recruiting subjects – in the lab, in the field, or online – to participate in experiments that attempt to isolate the effects of variables of concern.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Advances in Comparative-Historical Analysis , pp. 3 - 36Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2015
References
. 2002. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Defending Democracy: Reactions to Extremism in Interwar Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
2001. The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862–1928. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
2010. Reputation and Power: Organizational Image and Pharmaceutical Regulation at the FDA. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
. 2012. Alliance Formation in Civil Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and , eds. 2010. Politics and Partnerships: The Role of Voluntary Associations in America's Political Past and Present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
2010. Quiet Politics and Business Power: Corporate Control in Europe and Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2010. Decentralization and Subnational Politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. Rebuilding Leviathan: Party Competition and State Exploitation in Post-Communist Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
, and . 2001. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2011. Governing for the Long Term: Democracy and the Politics of Investment. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2013. Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
. 2004. State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2011. Capitalizing on Crisis: The Political Origins of the Rise of Finance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
, and . 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. Race and Regionalism in the Politics of Taxation in Brazil and South Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2009. Boundaries of Contagion: How Ethnic Politics Have Shaped Government Responses to AIDS. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. Age in the Welfare State: The Origins of Social Spending on Pensioners, Workers, and Children. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
2010. Colonialism and Postcolonial Development Spanish America in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
, and . 2012. The Political Construction of Business Interests: Coordination, Growth, and Equality. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2008. The Legacies of Law: Long-Run Consequences of Legal Development in South Africa, 1652–2000. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2011. The Submerged State: How Invisible Government Policies Undermine American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Labor Unions, Partisan Coalitions, and Market Reforms in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. Politics of the Free Market: The Rise of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
2013. The Land of Too Much: American Abundance and the Paradox of Poverty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
. 2001. The Rise of the Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
. 2003. Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life. Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
, , and . 2006. What a Mighty Power We Can Be: African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
. 2010. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
. 2010. The Evolution of Modern States: Sweden, Japan, and the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. Capitalists against Markets: The Making of Labor Markets and Welfare States in the United States and Sweden. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany, Britain, the United States, and Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. Accountability without Democracy: Solidarity Groups and Public Goods Provision in Rural China. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
. 2003. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. Structuring the State: The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 2001. “Institutions, Path Dependence, and Democratic Consolidation.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 13 (3): 249–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. “What We Know about the Development of Social Policy: Comparative and Historical Research in Comparative and Historical Perspective.” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, edited by and , 91–130. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1992. “Historical Sociology and Time.” Sociological Methods and Research 20:456–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2011. Bootstrapping Democracy: Transforming Local Governance and Civil Society in Brazil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
, , , , and . 2000. “The Analytic Narrative Project.” American Political Science Review 94 (3): 696–702.Google Scholar
, , and . 2013. “Empowering Women through Development Aid: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Afghanistan.” American Political Science Review 107 (3): 540–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2008. “Time-Series Cross-Sectional Analysis.” In Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, edited by , , and , 475–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2009. “Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Communism.” Contemporary European History 18 (3): 331–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2008. “Process Tracing: A Bayesian Perspective.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, edited by , , and , 217–70. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2013. “A Framework for Dynamic Causal Inference in Political Science.” American Journal of Political Science 57 (2): 504–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. “Conceptualizing Continuity and Change: The Composite-Standard Model of Path Dependence.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 19 (1): 33–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2012. “The Problem of Preferences: Medicare and Business Support for the Welfare State.” Studies in American Political Development 26 (2): 83–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. “Taking Temporality Seriously: Modeling History and the Use of Narratives as Evidence.” American Political Science Review 96 (3): 481–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2013. “Gridlock and Delegation in a Changing World.” Unpublished manuscript, March 1. Stanford Business School.
, and . 2007. “The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism.” World Politics 59 (3): 341–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America. University Park: Penn State University Press.Google Scholar
2010. Public Law and Private Power: The Comparative Political Economy of Corporate Governance Reform in the Age of Finance Capitalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
, and . 1991. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
. 2010. “Instruments, Randomization, and Learning about Development.” Journal of Economic Literature 48 (2): 424–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2014. “Instruments, Randomization, and Learning about Development.” In Field Experiments and Their Critics: Essays on the Uses and Abuses of Experimentation in the Social Sciences, edited by , 141–84. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
, , , and , eds. 2011. Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2012. “Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment and Its Effects.” American Journal of Political Science 56 (4): 875–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2012. Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2010. “Cooperation and Status in Organizations.” Journal of Public Economic Theory 12 (4): 737–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1982. “The Case for Methodological Individualism.” Theory and Society 11 (4): 453–82.Google Scholar
2010. Decentralization and Subnational Politics in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2009. “Context and Causal Mechanisms in Political Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 42 (9): 1143–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2014. “The Illusion of Learning from Observational Research.” In Field Experiments and Their Critics: Essays on the Uses and Abuses of Experimentation in the Social Sciences, edited by , 9–32. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
2003. “Comparative Historical Analysis and Knowledge Accumulation in the Study of Revolutions.” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, edited by and , 41–90. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
, , and . 2010. “Enough Already about ‘Black Box’ Experiments: Studying Mediation Is More Difficult Than Most Scholars Suppose.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 628:200–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 1994. Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
. 2006. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2012. “The Impact of Elections on Cooperation: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in Uganda.” American Journal of Political Science 56 (4): 964–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. 2011. “Time Will Tell? Temporality and the Analysis of Causal Mechanisms and Processes.” Comparative Political Studies 44:1267–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2008. “Outside Funding and the Dynamics of Participation in Community Associations.” American Journal of Political Science 52:585–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. “Policy Drift: The Hidden Politics of US Welfare State Retrenchment.” In Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies, edited by and , 40–82. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
, and . 2010. “Drift and Democracy: The Neglected Politics of Policy Inaction.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 2–5.
, and . 2012. “Inequality and Regime Change: Democratic Transitions and the Stability of Democratic Rule.” American Political Science Review 106 (3): 495–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. “Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Research.” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, edited by and , 373–404. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
2006. “Systematic Process Analysis: When and How to Use It.” European Management Review 3:24–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2001. Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2007. “Meanings of Methodological Individualism.” Journal of Economic Methodology 14 (2): 211–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2001. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2013. “Is Theory Getting Lost in the ‘Identification Revolution?’” The Political Economist: Newsletter of the Section on Political Economy 10 (1): 1–3.Google Scholar
, , , and . 2011. “Unpacking the Black Box of Causality: Learning about Causal Mechanisms from Experimental and Observational Studies.” American Political Science Review 105 (4): 765–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2000. Unions, Employers, and Central Banks: Wage Bargaining and Macroeconomic Regimes in an Integrating Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
, and . 2001. “An Asset Theory of Social Policy Preferences.” American Political Science Review 95 (4): 875–93.Google Scholar
, and 2006. “Electoral Institutions and the Politics of Coalitions.” American Political Science Review 100 (2): 165–81.Google Scholar
2012. Governing for the Long Term: Democracy and the Politics of Investment. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
, and 2007. Modeling and Interpreting Interactive Hypotheses in Regression Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
2009. “Can Good Projects Succeed in Bad Communities?” Journal of Public Economics 93(7–8): 899–916.Google Scholar
. 2014. “Restructuring the Social Sciences: Reflections from Harvard's Institute for Quantitative Social Science.” PS: Political Science and Politics 47 (1): 165–76.Google Scholar
, and . 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1971. “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method.” American Political Science Review 65 (3): 682–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1968. “Methodological Individualism Reconsidered.” British Journal of Sociology 19 (2): 119–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. “Path Dependence in Historical Sociology.” Theory and Society 29:507–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2001. The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
2003. “Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism.” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, edited by and , 131–75. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2012. “The Logic of Process Tracing Tests in the Social Sciences.” Sociological Methods and Research 41:566–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and , eds. 2003. Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and , eds. 2010a. Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
, and . 2010b. “A Theory of Gradual Institutional Change.” In Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power, edited by and , 1–37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 2003. The Politics of Social Risk: Business and Welfare State Development. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
, and . 2004. “Does the Organization of Capital Matter? Employers and the Active Labor Market Policy at the National and Firms Levels.” American Political Science Review 98 (4): 593–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2010. Experimental Political Science and the Study of Causality: From Nature to the Lab. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1973. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California.Google Scholar
. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94:251–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2004. Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2007. “The Costs of Marginalization: Qualitative Methods in the Study of American Politics.” Comparative Political Studies 40 (2): 146–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2002. “Historical Institutionalism in Contemporary Political Science.” In Political Science: The State of the Discipline, edited by and , 693–721. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
1987. The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
, and . 2014. “Putting Path Dependence in Its Place: Toward a Taxonomy of Institutional Change.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 26 (3): 1–23.Google Scholar
, and . 1997. “Comparing Historical Sequences – A Powerful Tool for Causal Analysis.” Comparative Social Research 17:55–72.Google Scholar
, , and . 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
. 2001. Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
, and . 2012. “When Natural Experiments Are Neither Natural Nor Experiments.” American Political Science Review 106 (1): 35–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. “Problems, Methods, and Theories in the Study of Politics, or: What's Wrong with Political Science and What to Do about It.” In Problems and Methods in the Study of Politics, edited by , , and , 588–611. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2014. “Methods Are Like People: If You Focus Only on What They Can't Do, You Will Always Be Disappointed.” In Field Experiments and Their Critics: Essays on the Uses and Abuses of Experimentation in the Social Sciences, edited by , 228–42. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
. 1982. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2010. “Informative Regress: Critical Antecedents in Comparative Politics.” Comparative Political Studies 43:886–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2014. “Economic Origins of Democratic Breakdown? The Redistributive Model and the Postcolonial State.” Perspectives on Politics 12:353–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2013. “The Enduring Indispensability of the Controlled Comparison.” Comparative Political Studies 46 (10): 1301–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2012. “The Causal Logic of Critical Junctures.” Comparative Political Studies 45 (12): 1572–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2014. “A Defense of Observational Research.” In Field Experiments and Their Critics: Essays on the Uses and Abuses of Experimentation in the Social Sciences, edited by , 33–57. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
, and . 2005. “Introduction: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies.” In Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies, edited by and , 1–39. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1991. “Bringing Capital Back In, or Social Democracy Reconsidered: Employer Power, Cross-Class Alliances, and the Centralization of Industrial Relations in Denmark and Sweden.” World Politics 43 (4): 513–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 2:369–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2003. “How Institutions Evolve: Insights from Comparative-Historical Analysis.” In Comparative-Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, edited by and , 208–40. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
2004. How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany, Britain, the United States, and Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2013. The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2006. Japan Remodeled: How Government and Industry Are Reforming Japanese Capitalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
1992. Politics and Jobs: The Boundaries of Employment Policy in the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
. 2013. “Using Case Studies to Explore the External Validity of ‘Complex’ Development Interventions.” Evaluation 19 (3): 229–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2009. “Shaping Democratic Practice and the Causes of Electoral Fraud: The Case of Nineteenth Century Germany.” American Political Science Review 103 (1): 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forthcoming. Conservative Political Parties and the Birth of Democracy in Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- 62
- Cited by