Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T04:30:38.479Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Inequality

Race, Class, Gender

from Part I - Inequalities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2018

Alejandro de la Fuente
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
George Reid Andrews
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Afro-Latin American Studies
An Introduction
, pp. 52 - 91
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamo, Sam. 1983. “The Broken Promise: Race, Health, and Justice in Rio de Janeiro, 1890–1940.” PhD diss., University of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Adamovsky, Ezequiel. 2016. “A Strange Emblem for a (Not So) White Nation: La Morocha Argentina in the Latin American Racial Context, c. 1900–2015.” Journal of Social History 50, 2: 386410.Google Scholar
Adelman, Jeremy, ed. 1999. Colonial Legacies: The Problem of Persistence in Latin American History. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Alberto, Paulina. 2011. Terms of Inclusion: Black Intellectuals in Twentieth-Century Brazil. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Alberto, Paulina. 2016. “El Negro Raúl: Lives and Afterlives of an Afro-Argentine Celebrity, 1886 to the Present.” Hispanic American Historical Review 96, 4: 669710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonso, Miguel C. 2014. The Development of Yoruba Candomblé Communities in Salvador, Brazil, 1835–1986. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Amado, Jorge. 2006. Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon. Translated by Taylor, James L. and Grossman, William L.. New York, NY: Vintage.Google Scholar
Andrews, George Reid. 1980. The Afro-Argentines of Buenos Aires, 1800–1900. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Andrews, George Reid. 1991. Blacks and Whites in São Paulo, Brazil, 1888–1988. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Andrews, George Reid. 2004. Afro-Latin America, 1800–2000. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, George Reid. 2010. Blacks in the White Nation: A History of Afro-Uruguay. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Andrews, George Reid. 2014. “Racial Inequality in Brazil and the United States, 1990–2010.” Journal of Social History 47, 4: 829–54.Google Scholar
Andrews, George Reid. 2016. Afro-Latin America: Black Lives, 1600–2000. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Appelbaum, Nancy. 2003. Muddied Waters: Race, Region, and Local History in Colombia, 1846–1948. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Atal, Juan Pablo, Ñopo, Hugo, and Winder, Natalia. 2009. “New Century, Old Disparities: Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Latin America.” Washington, DC: IDB Working Paper Series 109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, Anthony B. 2015. Inequality: What Can Be Done? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Auyero, Javier. 2012. Patients of the State: The Politics of Waiting in Argentina. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Azevedo, Aluísio. 2000. The Slum. Translated by Rosenthal, David H.. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, Stanley R. 2009. Legacies of Race: Identities, Attitudes, and Politics in Brazil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Benjamin, Medea, and Mendonça, Maisa. 1997. Benedita da Silva: An Afro-Brazilian Woman’s Story of Politics and Love. Oakland, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy.Google Scholar
Bergad, Laird W. 2007. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bértola, Luis, and Ocampo, José Antonio. 2012. The Economic Development of Latin America since Independence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bethencourt, Francisco. 2013. Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Blanchard, Peter. 2008. Under the Flags of Freedom: Slave Soldiers and the Wars of Independence in Spanish South America. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Blofeld, Merike, ed. 2011. The Great Gap: Inequality and the Politics of Redistribution in Latin America. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Blue, Sarah. 2007. “The Erosion of Racial Equality in Post-Soviet Cuba.” Latin American Politics and Society 49, 3: 3568.Google Scholar
Borucki, Alex. 2015. From Shipmates to Soldiers: Emerging Black Identities in the Río de la Plata. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Borucki, Alex, Eltis, David, and Wheat, David. 2015. “Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America.” American Historical Review 120, 2: 433–61.Google Scholar
Brown, Danielle, ed. 2013. Memoria viva: Historias de mujeres afrodescendientes en el Cono Sur. Montevideo: Linardi y Risso.Google Scholar
Bucheli, Marisa, and Cabella, Wanda. 2007. Perfil demográfico y socioeconómico de la población uruguaya según su ascendencia racial. Montevideo: Instituto Nacional de Estadística.Google Scholar
Bucheli, Marisa, and Porzecanski, Rafael. 2011. “Racial Inequality in the Uruguayan Labor Market: An Analysis of Wage Differentials between Afro-Descendants and Whites.” Latin American Politics and Society 53, 2: 113150.Google Scholar
Cabella, Wanda et al. 2013. La población afrouruguaya en el Censo 2011. Montevideo: Ediciones Trilce.Google Scholar
Caldeira, Teresa P.R. 2000. City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Caldwell, Kia Lilly. 2007. Negras in Brazil: Re-Envisioning Black Women, Citizenship, and the Politics of Identity. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, and Faletto, Enzo. 1979. Dependency and Development in Latin America. Translated by Urquidi, Marjorie Mattingly. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. First published in 1969.Google Scholar
Castillo Bueno, María de los Reyes. 2000. Reyita: The Life of a Black Woman in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Castillo, Daisy Rubiera, translated by McLean, Anne. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Chaney, Elsa, and Castro, Mary Garcia, eds. 1989. Muchachas No More: Household Workers in Latin America and the Caribbean. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Chasteen, John Charles. 2004. National Rhythms, African Roots: The Deep History of Latin American Popular Dance. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Cho, Sumi, Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams, and McCall, Leslie. 2013. “Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis,” Signs 38, 4: 785810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Ruth Berins, and Collier, David. 2002. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. 2nd edition. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1991. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review 43, 6, 1241–99.Google Scholar
Costa, Haroldo, ed. 2009. Fala crioulo: O que é ser negro no Brasil. 2nd edition. Rio de Janeiro: Record.Google Scholar
Cowling, Camillia. 2013. Conceiving Freedom: Women of Color, Gender, and the Abolition of Slavery in Havana and Rio de Janeiro. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Cruces, Guillermo, Gasparini, Leonardo, and Carbajal, Fedora. 2010a. Situación socioeconómica de la población afrocolombiana en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Panama City: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.Google Scholar
Cruces, Guillermo, Gasparini, Leonardo, and Carbajal, Fedora. 2010b. Situación socioeconómica de la población afroecuatoriana en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Panama City: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.Google Scholar
De Ferranti, David et al. 2004. Inequality in Latin America: Breaking with History? Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
De la Fuente, Alejandro. 1995. “Race and Inequality in Cuba, 1899–1981.” Journal of Contemporary History 30: 131168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De la Fuente, Alejandro. 2001. A Nation for All: Race, Inequality, and Politics in Twentieth-Century Cuba. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
De la Fuente, Alejandro. 2011. “Race and Income Inequality in Contemporary Cuba.” NACLA Report on the Americas 44, 4: 3033, 43.Google Scholar
Diagnóstico socioeconómico y cultural de la mujer afrouruguaya. Montevideo: Mundo Afro, 1997.Google Scholar
Díaz, Ramón, and Madalengoitia, Oscar. 2012. Análisis de la situación socioeconómica de la población afroperuana y de la población afrocostarricense y su comparación con la situación de las poblaciones afrocolombiana y afroecuatoriana. Panama City: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.Google Scholar
Echeverría, Esteban. 2010. The Slaughteryard. Translated by di Giovanni, Norman Thomas and Ashe, Susan. London: The Friday Project. First published in 1871.Google Scholar
Eltis, David, Behrendt, Stephen D., Florentino, Manolo, and Richardson, David. 2013. Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database. Emory University. www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates.Google Scholar
Engerman, Stanley L., and Sokoloff, Kenneth L.. 2012. Economic Development in the Americas since 1500: Endowments and Institutions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Florestan. 1965. A integração do negro na sociedade de classes. 2 vols. São Paulo: Dominus.Google Scholar
Fernandez, Nadine T. 2010. Revolutionizing Romance: Interracial Couples in Contemporary Cuba. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Ferrer, Ada. 1999. Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868–1898. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, Brodwyn. 2008. A Poverty of Rights: Citizenship and Inequality in Twentieth-Century Rio de Janeiro. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, Brodwyn, McCann, Bryan, and Auyero, Javier, eds. 2014. Cities from Scratch: Poverty and Informality in Urban Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Frank, Andre Gunder. 1967. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Frank, Zephyr L. 2004. Dutra’s World: Wealth and Family in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
French, John D. 2004. Drowning in Laws: Labor Law and Brazilian Political Culture. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Frankema, Ewout. 2009. Has Latin America Always Been Unequal? A Comparative Study of Asset and Income Inequality in the Long Twentieth Century. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Gelman, Jorge, and Santilli, Daniel. 2013. “Movilidad social y desigualdad en el Buenos Aires del siglo XIX: El acceso a la propiedad de la tierra entre el rosismo y el orden liberal.” Hispanic American Historical Review 93, 4: 659–84.Google Scholar
Germeten, Nicole von. 2006. Black Blood Brothers: Confraternities and Social Mobility for Afro-Mexicans. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Gobat, Michel. 2013. “The Invention of Latin America: A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism, Democracy and Race.” American Historical Review 118, 5: 1345–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golash-Boza, Tanya Maria. 2011. Yo Soy Negro: Blackness in Peru. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Donna. 2013. Laughter Out of Place: Race, Class, Violence, and Sexuality in a Rio Shantytown. 2nd edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
González Zambrano, Catalina. 2017. “Mulheres negras em movimento: Ativismo transnacional na América Latina (1980–1995).” PhD diss., University of São Paulo.Google Scholar
Gootenburg, Paul, and Reygadas, Luis, eds. 2010. Indelible Inequalities in Latin America: Insights from History, Politics, and Culture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenman, Emily, and Yu, Xie. 2008. “Double Jeopardy? The Interaction of Gender and Race on Earnings in the United States.” Social Forces 86, 3: 1217–44.Google Scholar
Grinberg, Keila. 2002. O fiador dos brasileiros: Cidadania, escravidão e direito civil no tempo de Antonio Pereira Rebouças. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.Google Scholar
Guzmán, Florencia. 2016. “María Remedios del Valle: ‘Capitana,’ ‘Madre de la Patria’ e ‘Niña de Ayohuma.’ Um percurso interpretativo da sua figura singular.” In Afrolatinoamérica: Estudos comparados, edited by Gelado, Viviana and Secreto, María Victoria: 5986. Niterói: Mauad.Google Scholar
Halperín-Donghi, Tulio. 1993 (1969). The Contemporary History of Latin America. Edited and translated by Chasteen, John Charles. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, Marvin. 1964. Patterns of Race in the Americas. New York, NY: Walker and Company.Google Scholar
Hasenbalg, Carlos. 1979. Discriminação e desigualdades raciais no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Graal.Google Scholar
Hasenbalg, Carlos, do Valle Silva, Nelson, and Lima, Márcia. 1999. Cor e estratificação social. Rio de Janeiro: Contra Capa.Google Scholar
Helg, Aline. 1995. Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886–1912. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Hicks, Anasa. 2017. “Hierarchies at Home: A Twentieth-Century History of Domestic Service in Cuba.” PhD diss., New York University.Google Scholar
Higgins, Kathleen J. 1999. “Licentious Liberty” in a Brazilian Gold-Mining Region: Slavery, Gender, and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Sabará, Minas Gerais. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Kelly, and Centeno, Miguel Angel. 2003. “The Lopsided Continent: Inequality in Latin America.” Annual Review of Sociology 29: 363–90.Google Scholar
Holloway, Thomas H. 1980. Immigrants on the Land: Coffee and Society in São Paulo, 1886–1930. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Holston, James. 2008. Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hordge-Freeman, Elizabeth. 2015. The Color of Love: Racial Features, Stigma, and Socialization in Black Brazilian Families. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Horst, Jesse. 2016. “Sleeping on the Ashes: Slum Clearance in Havana in an Age of Revolution, 1930–1965.” PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne, and Stephens, John D., eds. 2012. Democracy and the Left: Social Policy and Inequality in Latin America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). 1956. Brasil: Censo demográfico, 1950. Série nacional. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE.Google Scholar
IDB (Inter-American Development Bank). 1998. Facing Up to Inequality in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.Google Scholar
IPEA (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada). 2010. Perspectivas da política social no Brasil. Brasília: IPEA.Google Scholar
IPEADATA. 2016. Accessed May 13, 2016. www.ipeadata.gov.br.Google Scholar
IPUMS (International Public Use Microdata Series). 2016. Accessed August 12, 2016. https://international.ipums.org/international-action/samples.Google Scholar
Jesus, Carolina Maria de. 1962. Child of the Dark: The Diary of Carolina Maria de Jesus. Translated by Clair, David St.. New York, NY: E. P. Dutton.Google Scholar
Johnson, Lyman L. 2011. Workshop of Revolution: Plebeian Buenos Aires and the Atlantic World, 1776–1810. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Karasch, Mary C. 1987. Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro, 1850–1888. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kinsbruner, Jay. 1996. Not of Pure Blood: The Free People of Color and Racial Prejudice in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Klein, Herbert S., and Vinson, Ben III. 2007. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Herbert S., and Luna, Francisco Vidal. 2010. Slavery in Brazil. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Korzeniewicz, Roberto Patricio, and Moran, Timothy Patrick. 2009. Unveiling Inequality: A World-Historical Perspective. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Kutzinski, Vera M. 1993. Sugar’s Secrets: Race and the Erotics of Cuban Nationalism. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.Google Scholar
LAPOP (Latin American Public Opinion Project). 2016. Accessed Dec. 22, 2016. www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/.Google Scholar
Lasso, Marixa. 2007. Myths of Harmony: Race and Republicanism during the Age of Revolution, Colombia, 1795–1831. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Lesser, Jeffrey. 2013. Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López Ruiz, Luis Ángel, and Montaldo, David Delgado. 2013. Situación socioeconómica de la población afrodescendiente de Costa Rica según datos del X Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Vivienda 2011. Panama City: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.Google Scholar
Lovell, Peggy A. 1989. “Racial Inequality in the Brazilian Labor Market.” PhD diss., University of Florida.Google Scholar
Lovell, Peggy A. 1994. “Race, Gender and Development in Brazil.” Latin American Research Review 29, 3: 735.Google Scholar
Lovell, Peggy A. 2000. “Gender, Race and the Struggle for Social Justice in Brazil.” Latin American Perspectives 27, 6: 85103.Google Scholar
Lovell, Peggy A. 2006. “Race, Gender, and Work in São Paulo, Brazil, 1960–2000.” Latin American Research Review 41, 3: 6387.Google Scholar
Loveman, Mara. 2014. National Colors: Racial Classification and the State in Latin America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahoney, James. 2010. Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Manning, Patrick. 2017. “Inequality: Historical and Disciplinary Approaches.” American Historical Review 122, 1: 122.Google Scholar
Márquez, Gustavo et al. 2007. Outsiders? The Changing Patterns of Exclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Martínez, María Elena. 2008. Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas. 2007. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Mattos, Hebe. 2013. Das cores de silêncio: Os significados da liberdade no Sudeste escravista (Brasil, século XIX). 3rd edition. Campinas: Editora da UNICAMP.Google Scholar
McGraw, Jason. 2014. The Work of Recognition: Caribbean Colombia and the Postemancipation Struggle for Citizenship. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Monsma, Karl. 2016. A reprodução do racismo: Fazendeiros, negros e imigrantes no oeste paulista, 1880–1914. São Carlos: EdUFSCar.Google Scholar
Morrison, Karen Y. 2015. Cuba’s Racial Crucible: The Sexual Economy of Social Identities, 1750–2000. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Moya, José C. 1998. Cousins and Strangers: Spanish Immigrants to Buenos Aires, 1850–1930. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Needell, Jeffrey D. 1987. A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nobles, Melissa. 2000. Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Oliveira, Lúcia Helena Garcia de et al. 1983. O lugar do negro na força de trabalho. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação IBGE.Google Scholar
O’Toole, Rachel Sarah. 2012. Bound Lives: Africans, Indians, and the Making of Race in Colonial Peru. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Otovo, Okezi. 2016. Progressive Mothers, Better Babies: Race, Public Health, and the State in Brazil, 1850–1945. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Paixão, Marcelo, and Carvano, Luiz M., eds. 2008. Relatório anual das desigualdades raciais no Brasil, 2007–2008. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond.Google Scholar
Paixão, Marcelo et al. 2010. Relatório anual das desigualdades raciais no Brasil, 2009–2010. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond.Google Scholar
Parés, Luis Nicolau. 2013. The Formation of Candomblé: Vodun History and Ritual in Brazil. Translated by Vernon, Richard. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Peria, Michelle, and Bailey, Stanley R.. 2014. “Rethinking Racial Inclusion: Combining Race and Class in Brazil’s New Affirmative Action.” Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies 9, 2: 156–76.Google Scholar
Pérez-Sarduy, Pedro, and Stubbs, Jean, eds. 2000. Afro-Cuban Voices: On Race and Identity in Contemporary Cuba. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Perry, Keisha-Khan Y. 2013. Black Women against the Land Grab: The Fight for Racial Justice in Brazil. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Translated by Goldhammer, Arthur. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Porzecanski, Teresa, and Santos, Beatriz. 2006. Historias de exclusión: Afrodescendientes en el Uruguay. Montevideo: Linardi y Risso.Google Scholar
Proctor, Frank III “Trey.” 2006. “Gender and the Manumission of Slaves in New Spain.” Hispanic American Historical Review 86, 2: 309336.Google Scholar
Red de Mujeres Afrolatinoamericanas, Afrocaribeñas y de la Diáspora. 2016. Accessed May 17, 2016. www.mujeresafro.org.Google Scholar
Reid-Vazquez, Michelle. 2013. Year of the Lash: Free People of Color in Cuba and the Nineteenth-Century Atlantic World. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
República de, Cuba. 1945. Informe general del censo de 1943. Havana: P. Fernández y Cía.Google Scholar
Restall, Matthew. 2009. The Black Middle: Africans, Mayas, and Spaniards in Colonial Yucatan. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rosal, Miguel Angel. 2009. Africanos y afrodescendientes en el Río de la Plata. Siglos XVIII-XIX. Buenos Aires: Editorial Dunken.Google Scholar
Rosemberg, Fúlvia. 1986. Situação educacional de negros (pretos e pardos). São Paulo: Fundação Carlos Chagas.Google Scholar
Russell-Wood, A.J.R. 2002. Slavery and Freedom in Colonial Brazil. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.Google Scholar
Sanders, James E. 2004. Contentious Republicans: Popular Politics, Race, and Class in Nineteenth-Century Colombia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Sanders, James E. 2014. The Vanguard of the Atlantic World: Creating Modernity, Nation, and Democracy in Nineteenth-Century Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Santos, Jocélio Teles dos, ed. 2013. O impacto das cotas nas universidades brasileiras (2004–2012). Salvador: Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais.Google Scholar
Sartorius, David. 2014. Ever Faithful: Race, Loyalty, and the Ends of Empire in Spanish Cuba. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Sawyer, Mark Q. 2006. Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. 1993. Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Stuart B. 1985. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society, 1550–1835. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, Rebecca J. 2005. Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Scuro Somma, Lucía, ed. 2008. Población afrodescendiente y desigualdades étnico-raciales en Uruguay. Montevideo: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 1992. Inequality Reexamined. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 1997. On Economic Inequality. 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Sheriff, Robin. 2001. Dreaming Equality: Color, Race, and Racism in Urban Brazil. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Silva, Nelson do Valle. 1978. “Black-White Income Differentials: Brazil, 1960.” PhD diss., University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Silva, Nelson do Valle. 1985. “Updating the Cost of Not Being White in Brazil.” In Race, Class and Power in Brazil, edited by Fontaine, Pierre-Michel, 4255. Los Angeles, CA: Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California-Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Soares, Luiz Eduardo. 2016. Rio de Janeiro: Extreme City. Translated by Doyle, Anthony. New York, NY: Penguin.Google Scholar
Soares, Mariza de Carvalho. 2011. People of Faith: Slavery and African Catholics in Eighteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro. Translated by Metz, Jerry D.. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Socolow, Susan Migden. 2015. The Women of Colonial Latin America. 2nd edition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stark, David M. 2015. Slave Families and the Hato Economy in Puerto Rico. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Stein, Stanley J., and Stein, Barbara. 1970. The Colonial Heritage of Latin America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stern, Steve J. 1982. Peru’s Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2013. The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Stubbs, Josefina, and Reyes, Hiska N., eds. 2006. Más allá de los promedios: Afrodescendientes en América Latina. 4 vols. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Sue, Christina A. 2013. Land of the Cosmic Race: Race Mixture, Racism, and Blackness in Mexico. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sussman, Robert Wald. 2014. The Myth of Race: The Troubling Persistence of an Unscientific Idea. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sweet, James H. 1997. “The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought.” William and Mary Quarterly 54, 1: 143166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Telles, Edward. 2004. Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Telles, Edward and PERLA (Project on Ethnicity and Race in Latin America). 2014. Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race, and Color in Latin America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Thorp, Rosemary. 1998. Progress, Poverty and Exclusion: An Economic History of Latin America in the Twentieth Century. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1998. Durable Inequality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Turra, Cleusa, and Venturi, Gustavo. 1995. Racismo cordial: A mais completa análise sobre preconceito de cor no Brasil. São Paulo: Ática.Google Scholar
Twinam, Ann. 2014. Purchasing Whiteness: Pardos, Mulattos, and the Quest for Social Mobility in the Spanish Indies. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Twine, France Winddance. 1998. Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Urrea Giraldo, Fernando, and López, Carlos Viáfara. 2007. Pobreza y grupos étnicos en Colombia: Análisis de sus factores determinantes y lineamientos de políticas para su reducción. Bogotá: Departamento Nacional de Planeación.Google Scholar
Van Deusen, Nancy E. 2015. Global Indios: The Indigenous Struggle for Justice in Sixteenth-Century Spain. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Villaverde, Cirilo. 2005. Cecilia Valdés, or El Angel Hill. Translated by Lane, Helen. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vinson, Ben III. 2001. Bearing Arms for His Majesty: The Free-Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wade, Peter. 1993. Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Wade, Peter. 2009. Race and Sex in Latin America. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
War Department [US]. 1900. Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Barbara. 2015. The Color of Modernity: São Paulo and the Making of Race and Nation in Brazil. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×