Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:58:26.583Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2021

Aaron A. Burke
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Amorites and the Bronze Age Near East
The Making of a Regional Identity
, pp. 371 - 410
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abay, E. 2007. Southeastern Anatolia after the Early Bronze Age: Collapse or Continuity? A Case Study from the Karababa Dam Area. Pp. 403–13 in Kuzucuoǧlu, and Marro, 2007.Google Scholar
Abrahami, P. 1992. La circulation militarie dans les textes de Mari: la question des effectifs. Pp. 157–66 in Charpin, and Joannès, 1992.Google Scholar
Abrahami, P. 1997. L’armée à Mari. PhD diss., Université de Paris I.Google Scholar
Abusch, T. 2001. The Development and Meaning of the Epic of Gilgamesh: An Interpretive Essay. JAOS 121: 614–22.Google Scholar
Acreche, N. 2001. Human Skeletal Remains from Efrata and Other Bronze Age Sites in Israel. Pp. 95109 in Excavations at Efrata: A Burial Ground from the Intermediate and Middle Bronze Ages, ed. Gonen, R.. IAA Reports 12. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, M. J. 2017a. Egypt and the Levant in the Early/Middle Bronze Age Trasition. Pp. 493–515 in Höflmayer, 2017b.Google Scholar
Adams, M. J. 2017b. The Egyptianized Pottery Cache from Megiddo’s Area J: A Foundation Deposit for Temple 4040. TA 44: 141–64.Google Scholar
Adams, M. J., Finkelstein, I., and Ussishkin, D. 2014. The Great Temple of Early Bronze I Megiddo. AJA 118: 285305.Google Scholar
Adams, R. M. 1965. Land behind Baghdad: A History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Adams, R. M. 1966. The Evolution of Urban Society: Early Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mexico. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Adams, R. M. 1981. Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Aharoni, Y. 1993. Megiddo: The Neolithic Period to the End of the Bronze Age. Pp. 1005–12 in NEAEHL 3, ed. Stern, E., 2nd English ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Ahituv, S. 1984. Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient Egyptian Documents. Jerusalem: Magnes.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akkermans, P. M. M. G., and Schwartz, G. M. 2003. The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (ca. 16,000–300 BC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Albright, W. F. 1954. Northwest-Semitic Names in a List of Egyptian Slaves from the Eighteenth Century B.C. JAOS 74: 222–33.Google Scholar
Albright, W. F. 1961. Abram the Hebrew a New Archaeological Interpretation. BASOR 163: 3654.Google Scholar
Alexandersen, V. 1978. Sukas V: A Study of Tteeth and Jaws from a Middle Bronze Age Collective Grave on Tall Sukas. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Algaze, G. 1996. Late EBA Urban Structure at Titris Höyük, southeastern Turkey: The 1995 Season. Anatolica 22: 129–43.Google Scholar
Alizadeh, A. 2008. A Cappadocian Cylinder Seal. Pp. 571–75 in Stager, , et al. 2008.Google Scholar
Allen, J. P. 2002. The Craft of the Scribe (3.2) (Papyrus Anastasi I). Pp. 9–14 in COS 3.Google Scholar
Allen, J. P. 2008. The Historical Inscription of Khnumhotep and Dahshur: Preliminary Report. BASOR 352: 2939.Google Scholar
Alster, B., and Oshima, T. 2007. Sargonic Dinner at Kaneš: The Old Assyrian Sargon Legend. Iraq 69: 120.Google Scholar
Anbar, M. 1991. Les tribus amurrites de Mari. Orbis biblicus et orientalis 108. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Arbuckle, B. S., and Hammer, E. L. 2018. The Rise of Pastoralism in the Ancient Near East. JAR 27: 391449.Google Scholar
Archi, A. 1985. Mardu in the Ebla Tablets. Or 54: 713.Google Scholar
Archi, A. 1993a. Bronze Alloys in Ebla. Pp. 615–25 in Between the Rivers and over the Mountains: Archaeologica Anatolica et Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri dedicata, ed. Palmieri, A., and Frangipane, M. Rome: Università di Roma «La Sapienza».Google Scholar
Archi, A. 1993b. I nomi di luogo dei testi di Ebla (ARET I-IV, VII-X e altri documenti editi e inediti). Archivi reali di Ebla. Studi 2. Rome: Missione archeologica italiana in Siria.Google Scholar
Archi, A. 1999. Clothes in Ebla. Pp. 4554 in Michael: Historical, Epigraphical, and Biblical Studies in Honor of Prof. Michael Heltzer, ed. Avishur, Y., and Deutsch, R. Jerusalem: Graphit.Google Scholar
Archi, A., and Biga, M. G. 2003. A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla. JCS 55: 144.Google Scholar
Arensburg, B., and Belfer-Cohen, A. 1997. Appendix IV.A: Human Skeletal Remains from Hazor Area L. Pp. 341–43 in Hazor V: An Account of the Fifth Season of Excavations, 1968, ed. Ben-Tor, A., and Bonfil, R. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, The Hebrew University.Google Scholar
Arie, E. 2008. Urban Land Use Changes on the Southeastern Slope of Tel Megiddo during the Middle Bronze Age. Pp. 114 in Bene Israel: Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and the Levant during the Bronze and Iron Ages in Honour of Israel Finkelstein, ed. Fantalkin, A., and Yasur-Landau, A. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Arnold, D., Arnold, F., and Allen, S. 1995. Canaanite Imports at Lisht, the Middle Kingdom Capital of Egypt. ÄuL 5: 1332.Google Scholar
Aruz, J., Benzel, K., and Evans, J. M., eds. 2008. Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.Google Scholar
Aston, D. A. 2002. Ceramic Imports at Tell el-Dabʿa during the Middle Bronze IIA. Pp. 43–87 in Bietak, 2002.Google Scholar
Aston, D. A., and Bietak, M. 2012. Tell el-Dabʿa VIII: The Classification and Chronology of Tell el-Yahudiya Ware. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 66. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 12. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Atici, L., Kulakoğlu, F., Barjamovic, G., and Fairbairn, A. S., eds. 2014. Current Research at Kültepe-Kanesh: An Interdisciplinary and Integrative Approach to Trade Networks, Internationalism, and Identity. Journal of Cuneiform Studies. Supplemental Series 4. Atlanta: Lockwood.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baccarin, C. 2014. The Hypogeum of Tell Ahmar (North Syria). An Analysis of the Monumental Burial Complex in the Context of Early Bronze Age Funerary Practices. ANES 51: 213–25.Google Scholar
Bader, B. 2011a. Contacts between Egypt and Syria-Palestine as Seen in a Grown Settlement of the Late Middle Kingdom at Tell el-Dabʿa/Egypt. Pp. 4172 in Egypt and the Near East: The Crossroads, Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Relations between Egypt and the Near East in the Bronze Age, ed. Mynárová, J.. Prague.Google Scholar
Bader, B. 2011b. Traces of Foreign Settlers in the Archaeological Record of Tell el-Dabʿa. OLA 202: 127–48.Google Scholar
Bader, B. 2012. Migration in Archaeology: An Overview with a Focus on Ancient Egypt. Pp. 213–26 in Migrations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Messer, M., Schroder, R., and Wodak, R. Vienna: Springer.Google Scholar
Bader, B. 2013. Cultural Mixing in Egyptian Archaeology: The “Hyksos” as a Case Study. Archaeology and Cultural Mixture 28: 257–86.Google Scholar
Baffi, F., and Peyronel, L. 2013. Trends in Village Life: The Early Bronze Age Phases at Tell Tuqan. Pp. 195–214 in Matthiae, and Marchetti, 2013a.Google Scholar
Bagh, T. 2013. Tell el-Dabʿa XXIII. Levantine Painted Ware from Egypt and the Levant. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 71. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 37. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Baker, J. L. 2012. The Funeral Kit: Mortuary Practices in the Archaeological Record. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast.Google Scholar
Balossi, F., Di Nocera, G. M., and Frangipane, M. 2007. The Contribution of a Small Site to the Study of Settlement Changes on the Turkish Middle Euphrates between the Third and Second Millennium B.C: Preliminary Stratigraphic Data from Zeytinli Bahçe Höyük (Urfa). Pp. 354–81 in Kuzucuoǧlu, and Marro, 2007.Google Scholar
Bāqir, Ṭ., ed. 1959. Tell Harmal. Baghdad: Directorate General of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Bär, J. 2003. Die älteren Ischtar-Tempel in Assur: Stratigraphie, Architektur und Funde eines altorientalischen Heiligtums von der zweiten Hälfte des 3. Jahrtausends bis zur Mitte des 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 105. Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft in Assur A, Baudenkmäler aus Assyrischer Zeit 10. Saarbrücken: Saarbrücker.Google Scholar
Barge, O., Castel, C., and Brochier, J. É. 2014. Human Impact on the Landscape around al-Rawda (Syria) during the Early Bronze IV: Evidence for Exploitation, Occupation and Appropriation of the Land. Pp. 173–85 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2014b.Google Scholar
Barjamovic, G. 2011. A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.Google Scholar
Barjamovic, G. 2014. The Size of Kanesh and the Demography of Early Middle Bronze Age Anatolia. Pp. 55–68 in Atici, , et al. 2014.Google Scholar
Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., and Kaufman, A. 1998. Middle to Late Holocene (6,500 Yr. Period): Paleoclimate in the Eastern Mediterranean Region from Stable Isotopic Composition of Speleothems from Soreq Cave, Israel in Water, Environment and Society in Times of Climatic Change, ed. Issar, A. S., and Brown, N. Dordrecht and Boston: Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
Barnett, R. D. 1963. Xenophon and the Wall of Media. JHS 83: 126.Google Scholar
Bartash, V. 2018. Going for the Subarean Brand: The Import of Labor in Early Babylonia. JNES 77: 263–78.Google Scholar
Bartl, K., and al-Maqdissi, M. 2007. Ancient Settlements in the Middle Orontes Region between ar-Rastan and Qal‘at Shayzar: First Results of Archaeological Surface Investigations 2003–2004. Pp. 243–52 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2007b.Google Scholar
Beaulieu, P.-A. 2005. The God Amurru as Emblem of Ethnic and Cultural Identity. Pp. 31–46 in van Soldt, 2005.Google Scholar
Bell, G. L. 1907. The Desert and the Sown. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Ben-Ami, D. 2008. Monolithic Pillars in Canaan: Reconsidering the Date of the High Place at Gezer. Levant 40: 17-28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Tor, A. 2006. Do the Execration Texts Reflect an Accurate Picture of the Contemporary Settlement Map of Palestine? Pp. 6387 in Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na’aman, ed. Amit, Y., Ben Zvi, E., Finkelstein, I., and Lipschits, O. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Ben-Tor, A., Zuckerman, S., Bechar, S., Bonfil, R., Weinblatt, D., and Sandhaus, D. 2017a. The Late Bronze Age (Strata XV–XIII). Pp. 66–141 in Ben-Tor, et al. 2017b.Google Scholar
Ben-Tor, A., Zuckerman, S., Bechar, S., Bonfil, R., Weinblatt, D., and Sandhaus, D., eds. 2017b. Hazor VII: The 1990–2012 Excavations, the Bronze Age. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Ben-Yosef, E., Gidding, A., Tauxe, L., Davidovich, U., Najjar, M., and Levy, T. E. 2016. Early Bronze Age Copper Production Systems in the Northern Arabah Valley: New Insights from Archaeomagnetic Study of Slag Deposits in Jordan and Israel. JAS 72: 7184.Google Scholar
Bieniada, M. E. 2016. Intermediate Bronze Age in Southern Levant (4200–4000 BP): Why Did Four Cities in Transjordan Survive Urban Collapse? Studia Quaternaria 33: 510.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 1987. Canaanites in the Eastern Nile Delta. Pp. 4156 in Egypt, Israel, Sinai: Archaeological and Historical Relationships in the Biblical Period, ed. Rainey, A. F.. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 1988. Zur Marine des Alten Reiches. Pp. 3540 in Pyramid Studies and Other Essays Presented to I.E.S. Edwards, ed. Baines, J., James, T. G. H., and Leahy, A. London: Egypt Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 1989. Servant Burials in the Middle Bronze Age Culture of the Eastern Nile Delta. EI 20: 30*–43*.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 1991a. Egypt and Canaan during the Middle Bronze Age . BASOR 281: 2772.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 1991b. Tell el-Dabʿa V: Ein Friedhofsbezirk der Mittleren Bronzezeitkultur mit Totentempel und Siedlungsschicten. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 9. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 8. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 1996. Avaris: The Capital of the Hyksos, Recent Excavations at Tell el-Dabʿa. London: British Museum.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 2001a. Dabʿa, Tell ed-. Pp. 351–54 in OEAE 1, ed. Redford, D. B.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 2001b. Hyksos. Pp. 136–43 in OEAE 2, ed. Redford, D. B.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 2002. The Middle Bronze Age in the Levant: Proceedings of an International Conference on MB IIA Ceramic Material, Vienna, 24th–26th of January 2001. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 3. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 2003. Two Ancient Near Eastern Temples with Bent Axis in the Eastern Nile Delta. ÄuL 13: 1338.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 2006. The Predecessors of the Hyksos. Pp. 285–93 in Confronting the Past: Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever, ed. Gitin, S., Wright, J. E., and Dessel, J. P. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 2007a. Bronze Age Paintings in the Levant: Chronological and Cultural Considerations. Pp. 269300 in The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III, ed. Bietak, M., and Czerny, E. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 2007b. Egypt and the Levant. Pp. 417–48 in The Egyptian World, ed. Wilkinson, T.. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 2009. Near Eastern Sanctuaries in the Eastern Nile Delta. Pp. 209–29 in Baal, Hors-Série 5. Beirut.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 2010. From Where Came the Hyksos and Where Did They Go? Pp. 139–81 in The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties): Current Research, Future Prospects, ed. Marée, M.. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 192. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 2016. The Egyptian Community in Avaris during the Hyksos Period. ÄuL 26: 263–74.Google Scholar
Bietak, M., Forstner-Müller, I., van Koppen, F., and Radner, K. 2009. Der Hyksospalast bei Tell el-Dabʿa. Zweite und Dritte Grabungskampagne (Frühling 2008 und Frühling 2009). ÄuL 19: 91119.Google Scholar
Bietak, M., Kopetzky, K., Stager, L. E., and Voss, R. 2008. Synchronisation of Stratigraphies: Ashkelon on and Tell el-Dabʿa. ÄuL 18: 4960.Google Scholar
Bietak, M., Marinatos, N., and Palivou, C., eds. 2007. Taureador Scenes in Tell el-Dabʿa (Avaris) and Knossos. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 43. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Bietak, M., Math, N., Müller, V., and Jurman, C. 2012. Report on the Excavations of a Hyksos Palace at Tell el-Dabʿa/Avaris (23rd August–15th November 2011). ÄAT 22/23: 1753.Google Scholar
de Boer, R. 2013. Marad in the Early Old Babylonian Period: Its Kings, Chronology, and Isin’s Influence. JCS 65: 7390.Google Scholar
de Boer, R. 2014a. Amorites in the Early Old Babylonian Period. PhD diss., Leiden University.Google Scholar
de Boer, R. 2014b. Early Old Babylonian Amorite Tribes and Gatherings and the Role of Sumu-Abum. ARAM 26: 269–84.Google Scholar
de Boer, R. 2018. Beginnings of Old Babylonian Babylon: Sumu-abum and Sumu-la-El. JCS 70: 5386.Google Scholar
Bonfil, R. 1997. Area A: Middle Bronze to Persian Period. Pp. 25176 in Hazor V: An Account of the Fifth Season of Excavations, 1968, ed. Ben-Tor, A., and Bonfil, R. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, The Hebrew University.Google Scholar
Bordreuil, P., and Pardee, D. 2009. A Manual of Ugaritic. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Bourke, S. J. 2012. The Six Canaanite Temples of Ṭabaqāt Faḥil: Excavating Pella’s “Fortress” Temple (1994–2009). Pp. 159201 in Temple Building and Temple Cult: Architecture and Cultic Paraphernalia of Temples in the Levant (2.–1. Mill. B.C.E.), ed. Kamlah, J.. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 41. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Bouso, M. 2015. Burials and Funerary Practices. Pp. 371–99 in Finkbeiner, , et al. 2015a.Google Scholar
Braemer, F., Échallier, J.-C., and Taraqji, A., eds. 2004. Khirbet al Umbashi: villages et campements de pasteurs dans le “désert noir” à l'âge du Bronze, Travaux de la mission conjointe franco-syrienne 1991–1996. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 171. Beirut: Institut français du Proche-Orient.Google Scholar
Braemer, F., and Taraqji, A. 2016. Khirbet al-Umbashi, Khirbet Dabab and Hebariye (Sweida). Pp. 201–06 in A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites, ed. Kanjou, Y., and Tsuneki, A. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Braudel, F. 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Breasted, J. H. 1906. Ancient Records of Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Breniquet, C. 2014. The Archaeology of Wool in Early Mesopotamia: Sources, Methods, Perspectives. Pp. 52–78 in Breniquet, and Michel, 2014.Google Scholar
Breniquet, C., and Michel, C., eds. 2014. Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry. Ancient Textiles Series 17. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Broshi, M., and Gophna, R. 1984. The Settlements and Population of Palestine during the Early Bronze Age II–III. BASOR 253: 4153.Google Scholar
Broshi, M., and Gophna, R. 1986. Middle Bronze Age II Palestine: Its Settlement and Population. BASOR 261: 7390.Google Scholar
Brovarski, E., and Murnane, W. J. 1969. Inscriptions from the Time of Nebhepetre Mentuhopte II at Abisko. Serapis 1: 1133.Google Scholar
Buccellati, G. 1966. The Amorites of the Ur III Period. Publicazioni del Seminario di Semitistica. Ricerche 1. Naples: Instituto Orientale di Napoli.Google Scholar
Buccellati, G. 1990. “River Bank,” “High Country,” and “Pasture Land”: The Growth of Nomadism on the Middle Euphrates and the Khabur. Pp. 87117 in Tall al-Hamidiya 2, ed. Eichler, S., Haas, V., Steudler, D., Wäfler, M., and Warburton, D. Orbis biblicus et orientalis, series archaeologica 6. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Buccellati, G. 1993. Through a Tablet Darkly: A Reconstruction of Old Akkadian Monuments Described in Old Babylonian Copies. Pp. 5871 in The Tablet and the Scroll: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo, ed. Cohen, M. E., Snell, D. C., and Weisberg, D. B. Bethesda, MD: CDL.Google Scholar
Buccellati, G. 1995. Eblaite and Amorite Names. Pp. 856–60 in An International Handbook of Onomastics, ed. Eichler, E., Hilty, G., Löffler, H., Steger, H., and Zgusta, L. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Buccellati, G. 1997. Akkadian and Amorite Phonology. Pp. 338 in Phonologies of Asia and Africa, ed. Kaye, A. S., and Daniels, P. T. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Buccellati, G., and Kelly-Buccellati, M. 1997. Urkesh: The First Hurrian Capital. BA 60: 7794.Google Scholar
Buccellati, G., and Kelly-Buccellati, M. 2002a. Die Große Schnittstelle Bericht über die 14. Kampagne in Tall Mozan/Urkeš: Ausgrabungen im Gebiet AA, Juni–Oktober 2001 . MDOG 134: 103–31.Google Scholar
Buccellati, G., and Kelly-Buccellati, M. 2002b. Ein hurritischer Gan in die Unterwelt. MDOG 134: 131–48.Google Scholar
Buck, M. E. 2020. The Amorite Dynasty of Ugarit: Historical Implications of Linguistic and Archaeological Parallels. SAHL 8. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Bunimovitz, S., and Greenberg, R. 2004. Revealed in Their Cups: Syrian Drinking Customs in Intermediate Bronze Age Canaan. BASOR 334: 1931.Google Scholar
Burke, A. A. 2008. “Walled Up to Heaven”: The Evolution of Middle Bronze Age Fortification Strategies in the Levant. SAHL 4. Harvard Semitic Museum Publications. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Burke, A. A. 2010. Canaan under Siege: The History and Archaeology of Egypt’s War in Canaan during the Early Eighteenth Dynasty. Pp. 4366 in Studies on War in the Ancient Near East: Collected Essays on Military History, ed. Vidal, J.. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 372. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Burke, A. A. 2011a. An Anthropological Model for the Investigation of the Archaeology of Refugees in Iron Age Judah and Its Environs. Pp. 4156 in Interpreting Exile: Interdisciplinary Studies of Displacement and Deportation in Biblical and Modern Contexts, ed. Kelle, B. E., Ames, F. R., and Wright, J. Ancient Israel and Its Literature 10. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.Google Scholar
Burke, A. A. 2011b. Early Jaffa: From the Bronze Age to the Persian Period. Pp. 6378 in The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 1, ed. Peilstöcker, M., and Burke, A. A. The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project 1. Monumenta Archaeologica 26. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press.Google Scholar
Burke, A. A. 2012. Coping with the Effects of War: Refugees in the Levant during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Pp. 263–87 in Disaster and Relief Management, ed. Berlejung, A.. Forschungen zum Alten Testament 81. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Google Scholar
Burke, A. A. 2014. Entanglement, the Amorite Koiné, and Amorite Cultures in the Levant. ARAM 26: 357–73.Google Scholar
Burke, A. A. 2017. Amorites, Climate Change and the Negotiation of Identity at the End of the Third Millennium B.C. Pp. 261–308 in Höflmayer, 2017b.Google Scholar
Burke, A. A. 2018. Refugees in the Near East and Eastern Mediterranean, Archaeology of. Pp. 16 in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, ed. Smith, C., 2nd ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing.Google Scholar
Burke, A. A. 2019. Amorites in the Eastern Nile Delta: The Identity of Asiatics at Avaris during the Early Middle Kingdom. Pp. 6993 in The Enigma of the Hyksos I: ASOR Conference Boston 2017−ICAANE Conference Munich 2018 – Collected Papers, ed. Bietak, M., and Prell, S. Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 9. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Butterlin, P. 2007. Mari, les šakkanakku et la crise de la fin du troisième millénaire. Pp. 227–45 in Kuzucuoǧlu, and Marro, 2007.Google Scholar
Butterlin, P. 2015. Late Chalcolithic Mesopotamia: Towards a Definition of Sacred Space and Its Evolution. Pp. 6072 in Defining the Sacred: Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion in the Near East, ed. Laneri, N.. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Butzer, K. W. 1997. Sociopolitical Discontinuity in the Near East c. 2200 B.C.E.: Scenarios from Palestine and Egypt. Pp. 245–96 in Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse, ed. Dalfes, H. N., Kukla, G., and Weiss, H. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Butzer, K. W., and Endfield, G. H. 2012. Critical Perspectives on Historical Collapse. PNAS 109: 3628–31.Google Scholar
Calcagnile, L., Quarta, G., and D’Elia, M. 2013. Just at That Time: 14C Determinations and Analysis from EB IVA Layers. Pp. 450–58 in Matthiae, and Marchetti, 2013a.Google Scholar
Callaway, J. 1993. Ai. Pp. 3945 in NEAEHL 1, ed. Stern, E., 2nd English ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Campbell, E. F. 2002. Shechem III, The Stratigraphy and Architecture of Shechem/Tell Balatah, Volume I: Text. American Schools of Oriental Research Archaeological Reports. Atlanta: Scholars.Google Scholar
Candelora, D. 2017. Defining the Hyksos: A Reevaluation of the Title ḥḳꜢ ḫꜢswt and Its Implications for Hyksos Identity. JARCE 53: 203–21.Google Scholar
Cantelli, L., Picotti, V., and Martina, V. M. L. 2013. From Wetland to Desert. A Geomorphologic Approach to the Eblaite Chora. Pp. 316–23 in Matthiae, and Marchetti, 2013a.Google Scholar
Caspi, E. N., Ettedgui, H., Rivin, O., Peilstocker, M., Breitman, B., Hershko, I., Shilstein, S., and Shalev, S. 2009. Preliminary Neutron Diffraction Study of Two Fenestrated Axes from the “Enot Shuni” Bronze Age Cemetery (Israel). JAS 36: 2835–40.Google Scholar
Castel, C. 2007. L’abandon d’Al-Rawda (Syrie) à la fin du troisième millénaire: premières tentatives d’explication. Pp. 159–78 in Kuzucuoǧlu, and Marro, 2007.Google Scholar
Castel, C. 2010. The First Temples in Antis: The Sanctuary of Tell al-Rawda in the Context of 3rd Millennium Syria. Pp. 123–64 in Kulturlandschaft Syrien. Zentrum und Peripherie. Feschrift fur Jan-Waalke Meyer, ed. Becker, J., Hemplemann, R., and Rehm, E. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 371. Münster: Ugarit.Google Scholar
Castel, C. 2011. al-Rawda et le culte des pierres dressées en syrie à l’âge du Bronze. Pp. 6988 in Pierres levées, stèles anthropomorphes et dolmens, ed. Steimer-Herbet, T.. British Archaeological Reports 2317. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Castel, C., Barge, O., and Awad, N., eds. forthcoming. Tell al-Rawda: Une ville neuve du IIIe millénaire aux marges du désert. Travaux de la Mission archéologique franco-syrienne 2002–2010. Tome 1: Le tell et son environnement. Lyon: Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée.Google Scholar
Castel, C., and Peltenburg, E. J. 2007. Urbanism on the Margins: Third Millennium BC al-Rawda in the Arid Zone of Syria. Antiquity 81: 601–16.Google Scholar
Cernea, M. M. 2000. Risks, Safeguards, and Reconstruction: A Model for Population Displacement and Resettlement. Pp. 1155 in Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees, ed. Cernea, M. M., and McDowell, C. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.Google Scholar
Cernea, M. M., and McDowell, C., eds. 2000. Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.Google Scholar
Černý, J., Gardiner, A., and Peet, T. E., eds. 1955. The Inscriptions of Sinai II: Translations and Commentary. Excavation Memoir 45. London: Egypt Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Chapman, R. L. III 2009. Early Bronze III and IV: Chronological and Cultural Relations. Pp. 1–8 in Parr, 2009.Google Scholar
Charpin, D. 1986. Le clergé d’Ur au siècle d’Hammurabi (XIXe-XVIIIe siècles av. J.-C.). Hautes études orientales 22. Geneva: Librairie Droz.Google Scholar
Charpin, D. 1988. Sippar: deux villes jumelées. RA 82: 1332.Google Scholar
Charpin, D. 2003a. La “toponymie en miroir” dans le Proche-Orient amorrite. RA 97: 334.Google Scholar
Charpin, D. 2003b. La circulation des commerçants, des nomades et des messagers dans le Proche-Orient amorrite (XVIIIe siècle av. J.-C.). Pp. 5169 in La mobilité des personnes en Méditerranée de l’Antiquité à l’époque moderne, ed. Moatti, C.. Procédures de contrôle et documents d’identification, Collection de l’Ecole française de Rome 341. Rome.Google Scholar
Charpin, D. 2004. Histoire politique du Proche-Orient Amorrite (2002–1595). Pp. 25–480 in Charpin, , et al. 2004.Google Scholar
Charpin, D. 2007. Chroniques Bibligographicques 10: Economie, societe et institutions paleo-babyloniennes: nouvelles sources, nouvelles approches. RA 101: 147–82.Google Scholar
Charpin, D. 2010. The Desert Routes around the Djebel Bishri and the Sutean Nomads According to the Mari Archives. Pp. 238–45 in Ohnuma, 2010.Google Scholar
Charpin, D. 2017. Le «mur des Amorrites» à Sumer à la fin du IIIe millénaire av. J.-C.: le premier exemple de mur anti-migrants. Pp. 6181 in Migrations, réfugiés, exil: colloque annuel 2016, ed. Boucheron, P.. Paris: Odile Jacob.Google Scholar
Charpin, D., and Durand, J.-M. 1986. Fils de Sim’al: Les origines tribales des rois de Mari. RA 80: 141–86.Google Scholar
Charpin, D., Edzard, D. O., and Stol, M., eds. 2004. Mesopotamien: Die altbabylonische Zeit. Orbis biblicus et orientalis 160:4. Freiburg: Academic.Google Scholar
Charpin, D., and Joannès, F., eds. 1992. La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idées dans le Proche-Orient ancien: actes de la XXXVIIIème Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Paris, 8–10 juillet 1991). Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Civil, M. 2011. The Law Collection of Ur-Namma. Pp. 221–86 in Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection, ed. George, A. R.. CUSAS 17. Bethesda, MD: CDL.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. 1971. Cultural Strategies in the Organization of Trading Diasporas. Pp. 266–81 in The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa, ed. Meillassoux, C.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. L. 2002. Canaanites, Chronology, and Connections: The Relationship of Middle Bronze IIA Canaan to Middle Kingdom Egypt. SAHL 3. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. L. 2009. Continuities and Discontinuities: A Reexamination of the Intermediate Bronze Age–Middle Bronze Age Transition in Canaan. BASOR 354: 113.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. L. 2012. Weaponry and Warrior Burials: Patterns of Disposal and Social Change in the Southern Levant. Pp. 307–19 in Proceedings of the 7th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Near East 1, ed. Matthews, R. J., and Curtis, J. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. L. 2014. The Southern Levant (Cisjordan) during the Middle Bronze Age. Pp. 451–64 in OHAL, ed. Steiner, M. L., and Killebrew, A. E. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. L. 2015. Interpretative Uses and Abuses of the Beni Hasan Tomb Painting. JNES 74: 1938.Google Scholar
Cohen, Y. 2008. Review of Cuneiform in Canaan: Cuneiform Sources from the Land of Israel in Ancient Times by Wayne Horowitz and Takayoshi Oshima and Alphabetic Cuneiform Texts by Seth Sanders. BASOR 349: 8386.Google Scholar
Cohen, Y. 2009. The Scribes and Scholars of the City of Emar in the Late Bronze Age. Harvard Semitic Studies 59. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Cohen-Weinberger, A., and Goren, Y. 2004. Levantine-Egyptian Interactions during the 12th to the 15th Dynasties Based on the Petrography of the Canaanite Pottery from Tell el-Dabʿa. ÄuL 14: 69100.Google Scholar
Colantoni, C. 2012. Touching the Void: The Post-Akkadian Period Viewed from Tell Brak. Pp. 45–64 in Weis, 2012.Google Scholar
Collar, A. C. F. 2018. Networks and Ethnogenesis. Pp. 97111 in A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean, ed. McInerney, J.. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Collins, S., Kobs, C. M., and Luddeni, M. C., eds. 2015. The Tall al-Hammam Excavations 1: An Introduction to Tall al-Hammam with Seven Seasons (2005–2011) of Ceramics and Eight Seasons (2005–2012) of Artifacts. The Tall al-Hammam Excavations. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Collon, D. 1982. Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum, Cylinder Seals II: Akkadian, Post-Akkadian, Ur III Periods. London: British Museum.Google Scholar
Collon, D. 1986. Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum: Cylinder Seals III, Isin/Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods. London: British Museum.Google Scholar
Collon, D. 1987. First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East. Chicago.Google Scholar
Collon, D., Lehmann, M., and Müller, S. E. M. 2012–2013. Tell el-Dabʿa Sealings 2009–2011. ÄuL 22–23: 95104.Google Scholar
Connerton, P. 1989. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Connor, S., Laboury, D., Marée, M., Ben-Tor, D., Martin, M. A. S., Ben-Tor, A., and Sandhaus, D. 2017. Egyptian Objects. Pp. 574–603 in Ben-Tor, et al. 2017b.Google Scholar
Cooper, E. N. 2006. Early Urbanism on the Syrian Euphrates. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cooper, J. S. 1983. The Curse of Agade. The Johns Hopkins Near Eastern Studies. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, J. S. 1993. Paradigm and Propaganda: The Dynasty of Akkade in the 21st Century. Pp. 1123 in Akkad: The First World Empire, Structure Ideology Traditions. History of the Ancient Near East Studies 5. Padova: Sargon.Google Scholar
Cordova, C. E., and Long, J. C. Jr. 2010. Khirbat Iskandar and Its Modern and Ancient Environment. Pp. 19–35 in Richard, , et al. 2010.Google Scholar
Costin, C. L. 1998. Craft and Social Identity. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 8: 316.Google Scholar
Cradic, M. S. 2017. Embodiments of Death: The Funerary Sequence and Commemoration in the Bronze Age Levant. BASOR 377: 219–48.Google Scholar
Cradic, M. S. 2018. Residential Burial and Social Memory in the Middle Bronze Age Levant. NEA 81: 191201.Google Scholar
Crawford, C. L. 2007. Collecting, Defacing, Reinscribing (and Otherwise Performing) Memory in the Ancient World. Pp. 1042 in Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and Landscape in Archaeological Research, ed. Yoffee, N.. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Creekmore, A. 2010. The Structure of Upper Mesopotamian Cities: Insight from Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey at Kazane Höyük, Southeastern Turkey. Archaeological Prospection 17: 7388.Google Scholar
Cremaschi, M. 2007. Qatna’s Lake: A Geoarchaeological Study of the Bronze Age Capital. Pp. 93–104 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2007b.Google Scholar
Culbertson, L. 2016. Local Courts in Centralizing States: The Case of Ur III Mesopotamia. Pp. 185202 in Social Theory in Archaeology and Ancient History: The Present and Future of Counternarratives, ed. Emberling, G.. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Curvers, H. H., and Schwartz, G. M. 199.7 Umm el-Marra: A Bronze Age Urban Center in the Jabbul Plain, Western Syria. AJA 101: 201–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czerny, E. 2001. Ein früher Beleg für Hwt-wʿrt auf einem Siegelabdruck aus Tell el-Dabʿa. ÄuL 11: 1326.Google Scholar
Czerny, E. 2015. Tell el-Dabʿa XXII: “Der Mund der beiden Wege.” Die Siedlung und der Tempelbezirk des Mittleren Reiches von Ezbet Ruschdi. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 77. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 38. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Dalley, S. 1984. Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Dalley, S. 1997. er-Rimah, Tell. OEANE 4: 428–30.Google Scholar
Dalley, S., Walker, C. B. F., and Hawkins, J. D., eds. 1976. The Old Babylonian Tablets from Tell al Rimah. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq.Google Scholar
D’Andrea, M. 2014a. Middle Bronze I Cult Places in Northern Palestine and Transjordan: Original Features and External Influences. Pp. 3971 in Šime ummiānka: Studi in onore di Paolo Matthiae in occasione del suo 75° compleanno offerti dall’ultima generazione di allievi, ed. Pizzimenti, S., and Romano, L. Contributi e Materiali di Archeologia Orientale 16. P. Matthiae, ed. Rome: Università di Roma «La Sapienza».Google Scholar
D’Andrea, M. 2014b. The Southern Levant in Early Bronze IV: Issues and Perspectives in the Pottery Evidence. Contributi e materiali di archaeologia orientale 17/1. Rome: Università degli studi di Roma «La Sapienza».Google Scholar
D’Andrea, M. 2015. Review of Excavations at the Early Bronze IV Sites of Jebel Qaʿaqir and Be’er Resisim. ZDPV 131: 8186.Google Scholar
Danti, M. D., and Zettler, R. L. 1998. The Evolution of the Tell es-Sweyhat (Syria) Settlement System in the Third Millennium B.C. BCSMS 33: 209–28.Google Scholar
Darnell, J. C., Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W., Lundberg, M. J., McCarter, P. K., and Zuckerman, B. 2005. Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hol: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt. American Schools of Oriental Research 59. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.Google Scholar
Daviau, P. M. M. 1993. Houses and Their Furnishings in Bronze Age Palestine: Domestic Activity Areas and Artefact Distribution in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. JSOT/ASOR Monograph 8. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar
Davies, W. V. 1995. Ancient Egyptian Timber Imports: An Analysis of Wooden Coffins in the British Museum. Pp. 146–56 in Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant: Interconnections in the Second Millennium BC, ed. Davies, W. V., and Schofield, L. London: British Museum.Google Scholar
Demetriou, D. 2012. Negotiating Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean: The Archaic and Classical Greek Multiethnic Emporia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dercksen, J. G. 1996. The Old Assyrian Copper Trade in Anatolia. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te İstanbul 75. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul.Google Scholar
Dercksen, J. G. 2004. Old Assyrian Institutions. MOS Studies 4. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten te Leiden 98. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Dercksen, J. G. 2005. Adad Is King! The Sargon Text from Kültepe. Jaarbericht van het vooraziatisch-egyptisch Genootschap 39: 107–29.Google Scholar
Dever, W. G. 1975. A Middle Bronze I Cemetery at Khirbet el-Kirmil. EI 12: 18*–33*.Google Scholar
Dever, W. G. 1977. The Patriarchal Traditions: Palestine in the Second Millennium BCE: The Archaeological Picture. Pp. 70120 in Israelite and Judaean History, ed. Hayes, J. H., and Miller, J. M. Philadelphia: Trinity International.Google Scholar
Dever, W. G. 1998. Hurrian Incursions and the End of the Middle Bronze Age in Syria-Palestine: A Rejoinder to Nadav Na’aman. Pp. 91110 in Ancient Egyptian and Mediterranean Studies in Memory of William A. Ward, ed. Lesko, L. H.. Providence, RI: Department of Egyptology, Brown University.Google Scholar
Dever, W. G. 2014. Excavations at the Early Bronze IV Sites of Jebel Qa‘aqir and Be’er Resisim. Studies in the History and Archaeology of the Levant 6. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Ludovico, A. 2008. Between Akkad and Ur III: Observations on a “Short Century” from the Point of View of Glyptic. Pp. 321–41 in Proceedingsof the 4th International Congressof the Archaeologyof the Ancient Near East 29 March–3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin, ed. Kühne, H., Czichon, R. M., and Kreppner, F. J. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Díaz-Andreu, M., Lucy, S., Babić, S., and Edwards, D. N., eds. 2005. The Archaeology of Identity: Approaches to Gender, Age, Status, Ethnicity and Religion. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dietler, M. 2005. Consumption and Colonial Encounters in the Rhône Basin of France: A Study of Early Iron Age Political Economy. Monographies d’archéologie méditerranéenne 21. Lattes: Édition de l’Association pour le développement de l’archéologie en Languedoc-Rousillon.Google Scholar
Dietler, M. 2010. Archaeologies of Colonialism: Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dietler, M. 2017. Anthropological Reflections on the Koine Concept: Linguistic Analogies and Material Worlds. Pp. 17–39 in Material Koinai in the Greek Early Iron Age and Archaic Period ed. S. Handberg, and Gadolou, A. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 22. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Dohmann-Pfälzner, H., and Pfälzner, P. 2002. Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft in der zentralen Oberstadt von Tall Mozan/Urkeš: Bericht über die in Kooperation mit dem IIMAS durgeführte Kampagne 2001. MDOG 134: 149–92.Google Scholar
Dolce, R. 1999. The “Second Ebla”: A View on the EB IVB City. ISIMU 2: 293304.Google Scholar
Dolce, R. 2002. Ebla after the ‘Fall’—Some Preliminary Considerations on the EBIVb City. DM 13: 1128.Google Scholar
Donbaz, V. 2005. An Old Assyrian Treaty from Kültepe. JCS 57: 6368.Google Scholar
Dossin, G. 1938. Les archives épistolaires du palais de Mari. Syria 10: 105–26.Google Scholar
du Mesnil du Buisson, R. 1948. Baghouz, l’Ancienne Corsôtê, le tell archaïque et la nécropole de l’âge du bronze. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Dunand, M. 1973. Byblos: Its History, Ruins and Legends. 3rd ed. Beirut.Google Scholar
Dunayevsky, I., and Kempinski, A. 1973. The Megiddo Temples. ZDPV 89: 161–87.Google Scholar
Durand, J.-M. 1992. Unité et diversités à l’époque ammorite. Pp. 97–128 in Charpin, , and Joannès, 1992.Google Scholar
Durand, J.-M. 1998. Les documents épistolaires du palais de Mari. 3 vols. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf.Google Scholar
Durand, J.-M. 2002. Florilegium Marianum 7. Le culte d’Addu d’Alep et l’affaire d’Alahtum. Memoires de N.A.B.U. 8. Paris: Société pour l’étude du Proche-orient ancien.Google Scholar
Durand, J.-M. 2004. Les Ben Sim’alites dans la documentation de Mari. Pp. 111–98 in Amurru 3, ed. Nicolle, C.. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Durand, J.-M. 2005. Florilegium Marianum 8. Le culte des pierres et les monuments commémoratifs en Syrie amorrite. Mémoires de NABU 9. Paris: SEPOA.Google Scholar
Durand, J.-M. 2008. La religion amorrite en Syrie à l‘époque des archives de Mari. Pp. 163704 in Mythologie et religion des sémites occidentaux 1, ed. del Olmo Lete, G.. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 162. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Edzard, D. O. 1997. Gudea and His Dynasty. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Eidem, J. 2008. Apum: A Kingdom on the Old Assyrian Route. Pp. 265351 in Mesopotamia: The Old Assyrian Period, ed. Veenhof, K. R., and Eidem, J. M. Wäfler, ed. Freiburg: Academic.Google Scholar
Eidem, J. 2011a. Part II: The Treaties – Introduction. Pp. 310–45 in Eidem, 2011b.Google Scholar
Eidem, J. 2011b. The Royal Archives from Tell Leilan: Old Babylonian Letters and Treaties from the Lower Town Palace East. Yale Tell Leilan Research 2. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten te Leiden 117. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Eidem, J., and Højlund, F. 1993. Trade or Diplomacy? Assyria and Dilmun in the Eighteenth Century BC. WoAr 24: 441–48.Google Scholar
Eigner, D. 198.5 Der ägyptische Palast eines asiatischen Königs. Jahreshefte des Österreichisches archäologisches Institutes in Wien 56: 19–25.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, E. 1977. The Temples at Tell Kittan. BA 40: 7781.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, E. 1993. Kitan, Tel. Pp. 878–81 in NEAEHL 3, ed. Stern, E., 2nd English ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Emberling, G. 1997. Ethnicity in Complex Societies: Archaeological Perspectives. JAR 5: 295344.Google Scholar
Engelbach, R., and Gunn, B. G. 1923. Harageh. British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account 28. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt.Google Scholar
Englund, R. K. 1991. Hard Work: Where Will It Get You? Labor Management in Ur III Mesopotamia. JNES 50: 255–80.Google Scholar
Eppihimer, M. 2013. Representing Ashur: The Old Assyrian Rulers’ Seals and Their Ur III Prototype. JNES 72: 3549.Google Scholar
Falconer, S. E. 2016. Counternarratives and Counterintuition: Accomodating the Unpredicted in the Archaeology of Complexity. Pp. 6074 in Social Theory in Archaeology and Ancient History: The Present and Future of Counternarratives, ed. Emberling, G.. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Falconer, S. E., and Fall, P. L. 2006. Bronze Age Rural Ecology and Village Life at Tell el-Hayyat, Jordan. BAR International Series 1586. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Falconer, S. E., and Fall, P. L. 2016. A Radiocarbon Sequence from Tell Abu en-Ni‘aj, Jordan and its Implications for Early Bronze IV Chronology in the Southern Levant. Radiocarbon 58: 615–47.Google Scholar
Falconer, S. E., and Magness-Gardiner, B. 1993. Hayyat, Tell el-. Pp. 591–93 in NEAEHL 2, ed. Stern, E., 2nd English ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Fales, F. M. 2011. Old Aramaic. Pp. 555–73 in Weninger, 2011.Google Scholar
Feldman, M. H. 2007. Frescoes, Exotica, and the Reinvention of the Northern Levantine Kingdoms during the Middle Bronze Age. Pp. 3965 in Representations of Political Power: Case Histories from Times of Change and Dissolving Order in the Ancient Near East, ed. Heinz, M., and Feldman, M. H. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Feldman, M. H. 2014. Communities of Style: Portable Luxury Arts, Identity, and Collective Memory in the Iron Age Levant. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Felli, C. 2012. Funerary Practices from the End of the Early to the Middle Bronze Age in Northwestern Syria: The Middle Euphrates Valley. Pp. 79–110 in Pfälzner, 2012b.Google Scholar
Felli, C. 2015. Glyptic and Art. Pp. 203–65 in Finkbeiner, , et al. 2015a.Google Scholar
Ferguson, R. B., and Whitehead, N. L., eds. 1992. War in the Tribal Zone: Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare. School of American Research advanced seminar series. Sante Fe, NM: School of American Research.Google Scholar
Finet, A. 1993. Le sacrifice de l’âne en Mésopotamie. Pp. 135–42 in Ritual and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, ed. Quaegebeur, J.. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Finkbeiner, U., Novák, M., Sakal, F., and Sconzo, P. 2015a. Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and Eastern Mediterranean 4: Middle Euphrates. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Finkbeiner, U., Novák, M., Sakal, F., and Sconzo, P. 2015b. Conclusion. Pp. 431–38 in Finkbeiner, , et al. 2015a.Google Scholar
Finkbeiner, U., Novák, M., Sakal, F., and Sconzo, P. 2015c. Introduction. Pp. 1–40 in Finkbeiner, , et al. 2015a.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, I. 1992. Middle Bronze Age “Fortifications”: A Reflection of Social Organization and Political Formations. TA 19: 201–20.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, I., Adams, M. J., Dunseth, Z. C., and Shahack-Gross, R. 2018. The Archaeology and History of the Negev and Neighbouring Areas in the Third Millennium BCE: A New Paradigm. TA 45: 6388.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, I., and Langgut, D. 2014. Dry Climate in the Middle Bronze I and Its Impact on Settlement Patterns in the Levant and Beyond: New Pollen Evidence. JNES 73: 219–34.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, J. J. 1961. Ammisaduqa’s Edict and the Babylonian “Law Codes.” JCS 15: 91104.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, J. J. 1966. The Genealogy of the Hammurapi Dynasty. JCS 20: 95118.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. 1964. Inscriptions from the Coptite Nome, Dynasties VI–XI. Analecta Orientalia 40. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, M. A. 2002. The Rulers of Larsa. PhD diss., Yale University.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, M. A. 2010. Temple Building in the Old Babylonian Period. Pp. 3548 in From the Foundations to the Crenellations: Essays on Temple Building in the Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible, ed. Boda, M. J., and Novotny, J. R. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 366. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Flammini, R. 2010. Elite Emulation and Patronage Relationships in the Middle Bronze: The Egyptianized Dynasty of Byblos. TA 30: 154–68.Google Scholar
Fleishman, J. 2005. Continuity and Change in Some Provisions of the Code of Hammurabi’s Family Law. Pp. 480–96 in An Experienced Scribe Who Neglects Nothing:” Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Jacob Klein, ed. Sefati, Y., Artzi, P., Cohen, C., Eichler, B. L., and Hurowitz, V. A. Bethesda, MD: CDL.Google Scholar
Fleming, D. E. 2004. Democracy’s Ancient Ancestors: Mari and Early Collective Governance. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fleming, D. E. 2016. The Amorites. Pp. 130 in The World around the Old Testament: The People and Places of the Ancient Near East, ed. Arnold, B. T., and Strawn, B. A. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.Google Scholar
Flückiger-Hawker, E. 1999. Urnamma of Ur in Sumerian Literary Tradition. Orbis biblicus et orientalis 166. Freiburg: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Forstner-Müller, I. 2002. Tombs and Burial Customs at Tell el-Dabʿa in Area A/II at the End of the MB IIA Period (Stratum F). Pp. 163–84 in Bietak, 2002.Google Scholar
Forstner-Müller, I. 2008. Tell el-Dabʿa XVI: die Gräber des Areals A/II von Tell el-Dabʿa. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 44. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 28. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Forstner-Müller, I. 2010. Tombs and Burial Customs at Tell el-Dabʿa during the Late Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period. Pp. 127–38 in The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties): Current Research, Future Prospects, ed. Marée, M.. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 192. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Forstner-Müller, I., and Kopetzky, K. 2009. Egypt and Lebanon: New Evidence for Cultural Exchanges in the First Half of the 2nd Millennium B.C. Pp. 143–57 in Interconnections in the Eastern Mediterranean Lebanon in the Bronze and Iron Ages. BAAL-Hors Séries 6. Beirut: Ministère de la culture direction générale des antiquités.Google Scholar
Foster, B. R. 2014. Wool in the Economy of Sargonic Mesopotamia. Pp. 115–23 in Breniquet, and Michel, 2014.Google Scholar
Franke, S. 1995. Kings of Akkad: Sargon and Naram-Sin. Pp. 831–41 in CANE 2, ed. Sasson, J. M.. London: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Frankfort, H. 1970. The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient. 4th ed. The Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.Google Scholar
Frankfort, H., Lloyd, S., Jacobsen, T., and Martiny, G. 1940. The Gimilsin Temple and the Palace of the Rulers at Tell Asmar. Oriental Institute Publications 43. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Frayne, D. 1990. Old Babylonian Period (2003–1595 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods 4. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Frayne, D. 1991. Review article: R. Kutscher, The Brockmon Tablets at the University of Haifa: Royal Inscriptions. BiOr 48: 378409.Google Scholar
Frayne, D. 1993. Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods 2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Frayne, D. 1997. Ur III Period (2112–2004 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods 3/2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Frayne, D. 2008. Presargonic Period: (2700–2350 BC). Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia 1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Fujii, S., and Adachi, T. 2010. Archaeological Investigations of Bronze Age Cairn Fields on the Northwestern Flank of Mt. Bishri. Pp. 61–77 in Ohnuma, 2010.Google Scholar
Gaballa, G. A. 1976. Narrative in Egyptian Art. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo. Mainz am Rhein: Zabern.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Y. 2001. Warrior Burial Customs in the Levant during the Early Second Millennium. Pp. 143–61 in Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands in Memory of Douglas L. Esse, ed. Wolff, S. R.. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 59. ASOR Books 5. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Y., and Cohen, S. L., eds. 2007. The Middle Bronze Age IIA Cemetery at Gesher: Final Report. Annual of the Amercian Schools of Oriental Research 62. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.Google Scholar
Garfinkle, S. J. 2010. Merchants and State Formation in Early Mesopotamia. Pp. 185202 in Opening the Tablet Box: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Benjamin R. Foster, ed. Schneider, T.. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 42. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Garfinkle, S. J. 2012. Entrepreneurs and Enterprise in Early Mesopotamia: A Study of Three Archives from the Third Dynasty of Ur (2112–2004 BC). CUSAS 22. Bethesda, MD: CDL.Google Scholar
Garfinkle, S. J. 2013. The Third Dynasty of Ur and the Limits of State Power in Early Mesopotamia. Pp. 153–67 in Garfinkle, and Molina, 2013.Google Scholar
Garfinkle, S. J. 2014. The Economy of Warfare in Southern Iraq at the End of the Third Millennium BC. Pp. 353–62 in Krieg und Frieden im Alten Vorderasien: 52e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale International Congress of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology Münster, 17.–21. Juli 2006, ed. Dietrich, M., and Neumann, H. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 401. Münster: Ugarit.Google Scholar
Garfinkle, S. J. 2015. Ur III Administrative Texts: Building Blocks of State Community. Pp. 143–65 in Texts and Contexts: The Circulation and Transmission of Cuneiform Texts in Social Space, ed. Delnero, P., and Lauinger, J. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records 9. Boston: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Garfinkle, S. J., and Molina, M., eds. 2013. From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D.: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid 22–24 July 2010. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Gates, M.-H. C. 1984. The Palace of Zimri-Lim at Mari. BA 47: 7087.Google Scholar
Gelb, I. J. 1972. Prisoners of War in Early Mesopotamia. JNES 32: 7098.Google Scholar
Gelb, I. J. 1984. The Inscription of Jibbiṭ-Lîm, King of Ebla. Studia Orientalia 55.Google Scholar
Genz, H. 2015. Beware of Environmental Determinism: The Transition from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age on the Lebanese Coast and the 4.2 ka BP Event. Pp. 97–111 in Meller, , et al. 2015.Google Scholar
George, A. R. 2003. The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
George, A. R. 2005. In Search of the É.DUB.BA.A: The Ancient Mesopotamian School in Literature and Reality. Pp. 127–41 in “An Experienced Scribe Who Neglects Nothing:” Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Jacob Klein, ed. Sefati, Y., Artzi, P., Cohen, C., Eichler, B. L., and Hurowitz, V. A. Bethesda, MD: CDL.Google Scholar
George, A. R. 2009. Babylonian Literary Texts in the Schøyen Collection. CUSAS 10. Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection, Cuneiform Texts 4. Bethesda, MD: CDL.Google Scholar
Georges, M. 2014. Tell Al-Ṣūr/Al-Sankarī: une nouvelle agglomération circulaire du Bronze ancien IV à la lisière de la steppe syrienne. Pp. 95114 in Tell Tuqan Excavations and Regional Perspectives: Cultural Developments in Inner Syria from the Early Bronze Age to the Persian/Hellenistic Period. Proceedings of the International Conference, May 15th-17th 2013, Lecce, ed. Guardata, F. B., Fiorentino, R., and Peyronel, L. Università di Lecce, Dipartimento di beni culturali, Collana del Dipartimento 21. Galatina: Congedo.Google Scholar
Georges, M. 2016. Tell Shʻaīrat: une ville circulaire majeure du IIIe millénaire av. J.-C. du territoire de la confédération des Ib’al. Studia Eblaitica 2: 71101.Google Scholar
Gerstenblith, P. 1983. The Levant at the Beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. ASOR Dissertation Series. New Haven, CT: American Schools of Oriental Research.Google Scholar
Geyer, B., al-Dbiyat, M., Awad, N., Barge, O., Besançon, J., Calvet, Y., and Jaubert, R. 2007. The Arid Margins of Northern Syria: Occupation of the Land and Modes of Exploitation in the Bronze Age. Pp. 269–81 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2007b.Google Scholar
Geyer, B., Awad, N., al-Dbiyat, M., Calvet, Y., and Rousset, M.-O. 2010. Un “Très Long Mur” dans la steppe syrienne. Paléorient 36: 5772.Google Scholar
Geyer, B., Monchambert, J.-Y., Besançon, J., and Coqueugniot, E., eds. 2003. La basse vallée de l’Euphrate syrien du Néolithique à l’avènement de l’Islam. Mission archéologique de Mari 6. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 166. 2 vols. Beirut: Institut français d’archéologie du Proche-Orient.Google Scholar
Glassner, J.-J. 1987. La chute d’Akkadé: l’événement et sa mémoire. Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 5. Berlin: Reimer.Google Scholar
Goddeeris, A. 2005. The Emergence of Amorite Dynasties in Northern Babylonia during the Early Old Babylonian Period. Pp. 138–46 in van Soldt, 2005.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. 1984. Abi-Sha(i)’s Representation in Beni Hasan. JARCE 21: 203–10.Google Scholar
Gondet, S., and Castel, C. 2004. Prospection géophysique à al-Rawda et urbanisme en Syrie au Bronze ancien. Paléorient 30: 93110.Google Scholar
Gonen, R. 1992. Structural Tombs in the Second Millennium B.C. Pp. 151–60 in The Architecture of Ancient Israel: From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods, ed. Kempinski, A., and Reich, R., English, ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Gonen, R. 2001. Excavations at Efrata: A Burial Ground from the Intermediate and Middle Bronze Ages. IAA Reports 12. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.Google Scholar
Goody, J. 1982. Cooking, Cuisine, and Class: A Study in Comparative Sociology. Themes in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gophna, R. 1992. The Intermediate Bronze Age. Pp. 126–58 in The Archaeology of Ancient Israel, ed. Ben-Tor, A.. New Haven, CT: Yale University.Google Scholar
Gophna, R., and Ayalon, E. 2004. Tel ʿAshir: An Open Cult Site of the Intermediate Bronze Age on the Bank of the Poleg Stream. IEJ 54: 154–73.Google Scholar
Gordon, C. H. 1997. Amorite and Eblaite. Pp. 100–13 in The Semitic Languages, ed. Hetzron, R.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Goren, Y. 1996. The Southern Levant in the Early Bronze Age IV: The Petrographic Perspective. BASOR 303: 3372.Google Scholar
De Graef, K. 2002. An Account of the Redistribution of Land to Soldiers in Late Old Babylonian Sippar-Amnanum. JESHO 45: 141–78.Google Scholar
Graesser, C. F. 1972. Standing Stones in Ancient Palestine. BA 35: 3463.Google Scholar
Grayson, A. K. 1987. Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC (to 1115 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Greenberg, R. 2017. No Collapse: Transmutations of Early Bronze Age Urbanism in the Southern Levant. Pp. 31–58 in Höflmayer, 2017b.Google Scholar
Griffith, F. L., and Petrie, W. M. F. 1898. Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob (Principally of the Middle Kingdom). The Petrie Papyri. London: Quaritch.Google Scholar
Groneberg, B. 1980. Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der altbabylonischen Zeit. Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes 3. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Gruen, E. S. 2011. Cultural Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean. Issues & Debates. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute.Google Scholar
Guichard, M. 1997. Mari Texts. Pp. 419–21 in OEANE 3, ed. Meyers, E. M.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gundacker, R. 2017. The Significance of Foreign Toponyms and Ethnonyms in Old Kingdom Text Sources. Pp. 333–426 in Höflmayer, 2017b.Google Scholar
Guy, P. L. O. 1938. Megiddo Tombs. Oriental Institute Publications 33. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Haiman, M. 1996. Early Bronze Age IV Settlement Pattern of the Negev and Sinai Deserts: View from Small Marginal Temporary Sites. BASOR 303: 132.Google Scholar
Hall, E. S. 1986. The Pharaoh Smites His Enemies: A Comparative Study. Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag.Google Scholar
Hall, J. M. 1997. Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, J. M. 2002. Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hallo, W. W. 1957. Early Mesopotamian Royal Titles: A Philologic and Historical Analysis. American Oriental Series 43. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.Google Scholar
Hallo, W. W. 1966. The Coronation of Ur-Nammu. JCS 20: 133–41.Google Scholar
Hallo, W. W. 1980. Royal Titles from the Mesopotamian Periphery. AnSt 30: 189–95.Google Scholar
Hallote, R. S. 1995. Mortuary Archaeology and the Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant. JMA 8: 93122.Google Scholar
Hallote, R. S. 2002. Real and Ideal Identities in Middle Bronze Age Tombs. NEA 65: 105–11.Google Scholar
Hameeuw, H., Vansteenhuyse, K., Jans, G., Bretschneider, J., and Van Lerberghe, K. 2006. Living with the Dead. Tell Tweini: Middle Bronze Age Tombs in an Urban Context. Pp. 143–53 in Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Madrid, April 3–8, 2006 2, ed. Córdoba, J. M.. Madrid: Ediciones Universidad Autónoma de Madrid: Centro Superior de Estudios sobre el Oriente Próximo y Egipto.Google Scholar
Hammer, E. L. 2012. Local Landscapes of Pastoral Nomads in Southeastern Turkey. PhD diss., Harvard University.Google Scholar
Harper, P. O. 1992. Mesopotamian Monuments Found at Susa. Pp. 159–82 in The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre, ed. Harper, P. O., Aruz, J., and Tallon, F. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, A., and Ohnuma, K. 2014. New Evidence from Tell Ghanem al-Ali: A Third Millennium Site in the Middle Euphrates, Syria. Pp. 125–36 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2014b.Google Scholar
Hassan, F. 2007. Droughts, Famine and the Collapse of the Old Kingdom: Re-Reading Ipuwer. Pp. 357–77 in The Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of David B. O’Connor, ed. Hawass, Z. A., and Richards, J. E. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities, Egypt.Google Scholar
Hayes, W. C. 1949. Career of the Great Steward Ḥenenu under Nebḥepetrē‘ Mentuḥotpe. JEA 35: 4349.Google Scholar
Hayes, W. C. 1955. A Papyrus of the Late Middle Kingdom in the Brooklyn Museum (Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446). Wilbour Monographs 5. Brooklyn: Brooklyn Museum.Google Scholar
Hebenstreit, L. 2014. The Sumerian Spoils of War during Ur III. Pp. 373–80 in Krieg und Frieden im Alten Vorderasien: 52e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale International Congress of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology Münster, 17.–21. Juli 2006, ed. Dietrich, M., and Neumann, H. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 401. Münster: Ugarit.Google Scholar
Heffron, Y. 2017. Testing the Middle Ground in Assyro-Anatolian Marriages of the Karum Period. Iraq 79: 7183.Google Scholar
Heimpel, W. 2003. Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary. Mesopotamian Civilizations 12. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Heimpel, W. 2009. Workers and Construction Work at Garšana. CUSAS 5. Bethesda, MD: CDL.Google Scholar
Hein, I., and Jánosi, P., eds. 2004. Tell el-Dabʿa XI. Areal A/V Siedlungsrelikte der späten 2: Zwischenzeit. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 25. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 21. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Hendel, R. S. 2005. Remembering Abraham: Culture, Memory, and History in the Hebrew Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hendel, R. S. 2010. Cultural Memory. Pp. 2846 in Reading Genesis: Ten Methods, ed. Hendel, R. S.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hertel, T. K. 2013. Old Assyrian Legal Practices: Law and Dispute in the Ancient Near East. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten te Leiden 123. Old Assyrian archives 6. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Hertel, T. K. 2014. The Lower Town of Kültepe: Urban Layout and Population. Pp. 25–54 in Atici, , et al. 2014.Google Scholar
Hilgert, M., ed. 1998. Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Šulgi. Cuneiform Texts from the Ur III Period in the Oriental Institute 1. Oriental Institute Publications 115. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Hilgert, M., and Reichel, C. D. 2003. Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Amar-Suena. Cuneiform Texts from the Ur III Period in the Oriental Institute 2. Oriental Institute Publications 121. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Hill, H. D., and Jacobsen, T. 1990. The Kitîtum Complex at Ischali. Pp. 775 in Old Babylonian Public Buildings in the Diyala Region, ed. Holland, T. A.. Oriental Institute Publications 98. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Hoffmeier, J. K., and Moshier, S. O. 2006. New Paleo-Environmental Evidence from North Sinai to Complement Manfred Bietak’s Map of the Eastern Data and Some Historical Implications. Pp. 167–76 in Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak 2, ed. Czerny, E., Hein, I., Hunger, H., Melman, D., and Schwab, A. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 149. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Hoffner, H. A. 1997. Proclamation of Anitta of Kuššar (1.72). Pp. 182–84 in COS 1.Google Scholar
Höflmayer, F. 2014. Dating Catastrophes and Collapses in the Ancient Near East: The End of the First Urbanization in the Southern Levant and the 4.2 ka BP Event. Pp. 117–40 in Reading Catastrophes: Proceedings of the International Conference “Reading Catastrophes: Methodological Approaches and Historical Interpretation. Earthquakes, Floods, Famines, Epidemics between Egypt and Palestine—3rd–1st millennium BC” held in Rome, 3rd–4th December 2012, ed. Nigro, L., Capriotti, G., and Sala, M. Studies on the Archaeology of Palestine & Transjordan 11. Rome: Università degli studi di Roma «La Sapienza».Google Scholar
Höflmayer, F. 2015. The Southern Levant, Egypt, and the 4.2 ka BP Event. Pp. 113–30 in Meller, , et al. 2015.Google Scholar
Höflmayer, F. 2017a. The Late Third Millennium B.C. in the Ancient Near East and Eastern Mediterranean: A Time of Collapse and Transformation. Pp. 1–28 in Höflmayer, 2017b.Google Scholar
Höflmayer, F. 2017b. The Late Third Millennium in the Ancient Near East: Chronology, C14, and Climate Change. Oriental Institute Seminars 11. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Höflmayer, F., Kamlah, J., Sader, H., Dee, M. W., Kutschera, W., Wild, E. M., and Riehl, S. 2016. New Evidence for Middle Bronze Age Chronology and Synchronisms in the Levant: Radiocarbon Dates from Tell el-Burak, Tell el-Dabʿa, and Tel Ifshar Compared. BASOR 375: 5376.Google Scholar
Højlund, F. 1986. Failaka/Dilmun, The Second Millennium Settlements 2: The Bronze Age Pottery. Danish Archaeological Investigations on Failaka, Kuwait. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications 17:2. Moesgård, Aarhus: Jysk arkæologisk selskab.Google Scholar
Højlund, F. 1989. The Formation of the Dilmun State and the Amorite Tribes. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 19: 4559.Google Scholar
Højlund, F., and Johansen, K. L. 2007. The Burial Mounds of Bahrain: Social Complexity in Early Dilmun. Aarhus: Aarhus University.Google Scholar
Holladay, J. S. Jr. 1997. The Eastern Nile Delta during the Hyksos and Pre-Hyksos Periods: Toward a Systemic/Socioeconomic Understanding. Pp. 183–252 in Oren, 1997a.Google Scholar
Holland, T. A. 2001. Third Millennium Wall Paintings at Tell es-Sweyhat, Syria. Beiträge zur vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Winfried Orthmann gewidmet. Frankfurt am Main: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Archäologisches Institut.Google Scholar
Homsher, R. S., and Cradic, M. S. 2017. Rethinking Amorites. Pp. 131–50 in Rethinking Israel: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein, ed. Lipschitz, O., Gadot, Y., and Adams, M. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Homsher, R. S., and Cradic, M. S. 2018. The Amorite Problem: Resolving an Historical Dilemma. Levant 50: 125.Google Scholar
Horowitz, W. 2013. Hazor: A Cuneiform City in the West. NEA 76: 98101.Google Scholar
Horowitz, W., Oshima, T., and Sanders, S. 2006. Cuneiform in Canaan: Cuneiform Sources from the Land of Israel in Ancient Times. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Horowitz, W., Oshima, T., and Vukosavović, F. 2012. Hazor 18: Fragments of a Cuneiform Law Collection from Hazor. IEJ 62: 158–76.Google Scholar
Horowitz, W., and Wasserman, N. 2000. An Old Babylonian Letter from Hazor with Mention of Mari and Ekallatum. IEJ 50: 169–74.Google Scholar
Horrocks, G. C. 1997. Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Huehnergard, J. 2018. On Drawing the Bow. EI 33: 91*–97*.Google Scholar
Huffmon, H. B. 1965. Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts: A Structural and Lexical Study. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar
Ilan, D. 1995a. The Dawn of Internationalism—The Middle Bronze Age. Pp. 297319 in The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, ed. Levy, T. E.. New York: Facts on File.Google Scholar
Ilan, D. 1995b. Mortuary Practices at Tel Dan in the Middle Bronze Age: A Reflection of Canaanite Society and Ideology. Pp. 117–39 in The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East, ed. Campbell, S., and Green, A. Oxbow Monograph 51: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Ilan, D. 1996. The Middle Bronze Age Tombs. Pp. 161329 in Dan I: A Chronicle of the Excavations, the Pottery Neolithic, the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age Tombs, ed. Biran, A., Ilan, D., Greenberg, R., Gopher, A., Horwitz, L. K., and Porat, N. Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology 4. Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 2007. Introduction: Configuring Identities in Archaeology. Pp. 115 in The Archaeology of Identities: A Reader, ed. Insoll, T.. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, T. 1968. The Battle between Marduk and Tiamat. JAOS 88: 104–08.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, T. 1976. The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, T. 1990. The Ishchali “Gate” and (Sîn) Temple. Pp. 7982 in Old Babylonian Public Buildings in the Diyala Region, ed. Holland, T. A.. Oriental Institute Publications 98. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Jacquet, A. 2012. Funerary Rites and Cult of the Ancestors during the Amorite Period: The Evidence of the Royal Archives of Mari. Pp. 123–36 in Pfälzner, 2012b.Google Scholar
Jaroš-Deckert, B. 1984. Grabung in Asasif 1963–1970. Das Grab des Jnj-jtf.f. Die Wandmalereien der XI. Dynastie. Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 12. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Jonker, G. 1995. The Topography of Remembrance: The Dead, Tradition and Collective Memory in Mesopotamia. Studies in the History of Religions 68. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Joukowsky, M. S. 1997. Byblos. Pp. 390–94 in OEANE 1, ed. Meyers, E. M.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kallas, N. 2017. The Construction of Power and the Production of Elite Identity: The Middle Bronze Age Palaces of the Levant. Studia Eblaitica 3: 141–64.Google Scholar
Kamp, K. A., and Yoffee, N. 1980. Ethnicity in Ancient Western Asia during the Early Second Millennium BC: Archaeological Assessments and Ethnoarchaeological Prospectives. BASOR 237: 85104.Google Scholar
Kamrin, J. 2013. The Procession of “Asiatics” at Beni Hasan. Pp. 156–69 in Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium, ed. Aruz, J., Graff, S., and Rakic, Y. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.Google Scholar
Kaniewski, D., Marriner, N., Cheddadi, R., Guiot, J., and Van Campo, E. 2018. The 4.2 ka BP Event in the Levant. Climate of the Past 14: 1529–42.Google Scholar
Kaplan, M. F. 1980. The Origin and Distribution of Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 62. Göteborg: Åström.Google Scholar
Kaplony-Heckel, U. 1971. Ägyptische Handschriften. Teil 1 in Verzeichnis der orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland 19, ed. Lüddeckens, E.. Wiesbaden: Steiner.Google Scholar
Katz, J. 2009. The Archaeology of Cult in Middle Bronze Age Canaan. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias.Google Scholar
Kaufman, B. 2013. Copper Alloys from the ‘Enot Shuni Cemetery and the Origins of Bronze Metallurgy in the EB IV–MB II Levant. Archaeometry 55: 663–90.Google Scholar
Kaufman, B., and Scott, D. A. 2014. Fuel Efficiency of Ancient Copper Alloys: Theoretical Melting Thermodynamics of Copper, Tin and Arsenical Copper and Timber Conservation in the Bronze Age Levant. Archaeometry 57: 116.Google Scholar
Kaufman, S. A. 1989. Review of The Syllabic Inscriptions from Byblos by George E. Mendenhall. BASOR 276: 8586.Google Scholar
Kempinski, A. 1992. Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Temples. Pp. 5359 in The Architecture of Ancient Israel: From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods, ed. Kempinski, A., and Reich, R., English, ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Kempinski, A. 2002 Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavation Seasons. Monograph Series 20. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.Google Scholar
Kempinski, A., and Scheftelowitz, N. 2002. Area C. Pp. 35–54 in Kempinski, 2002.Google Scholar
Kennedy, M. A. 2015a. EB IV Stone-Built Cist-Graves from Sir Flinders Petrie’s Excavations at Tell el-ʿAjjul . PEQ 147: 104–29.Google Scholar
Kennedy, M. A. 2015b. Life and Death at Tell Umm Ḥammād. PEQ 131: 128.Google Scholar
Kennedy, M. A. 2016. The End of the 3rd Millennium BC in the Levant: New Perspectives and Old Ideas. Levant 48: 132.Google Scholar
Kent, D. 2004. The Power of the Elites: Family, Patronage, and the State. Pp. 165–83 in Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550, ed. Najemy, J. M.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kenyon, K. M. 1966. Amorites and Canaanites. The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, 1963. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kepinski, C. 2005. Material Culture of a Babylonian Commercial Outpost on the Iraqi Middle Euphrates: The Case of Haradum during the Middle Bronze Age. Akkadica 126: 121–31.Google Scholar
Kepinski, C. 2007. Continuity and Break at the End of the Third Millennium B.C.: The Data from Tiblesar, Sajour Valley (Southeastern Turkey). Pp. 329–40 in Kuzucuoǧlu, and Marro, 2007.Google Scholar
Kepinski, C. 2012. Organization of Harrâdum, Suhum, 18th–17th Centuries B.C., Iraqi Middle Euphrates. Pp. 143–54 in Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 54th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Würzburg, 20–25 July 2008, ed. Wilhelm, G.. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Kepinski, C. 2013. Harrādum ou le cas d’une ville nouvelle (XIXe au XVIIe s. av. J.-C.): appropriation territoriale d’une zone frontière. Pp. 297–99 in De la maison à la ville dans l’Orient ancien: La ville et les débuts de l’urbanisation, ed. Michel, C.. Cahier des Thèmes transversaux ArScAn 11 (2011–2012): Nanterre.Google Scholar
Kepinski-Lecomte, C., ed. 1992. Haradum I: Une ville nouvelle sur le Moyen-Euphrate (XVIIIe–XVIIe siècles av. J.-C.). Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Kerswill, P. 2008. Koineization and Accommodation. Pp. 669702 in The Handbook of Language Variation and Change: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Khalesi, Y. M. 1978. The Court of the Palms: A Functional Interpretation of the Mari Palace. BM 8. Malibu, CA: Udena.Google Scholar
Kienast, B. 1960. Die altassyrischen Texte des Orientalischen Seminars der Universität Heidelberg und der Sammlung Eerlenmeyer. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kitchen, K. A. 1967. Byblos, Egypt, and Mari in the Early Second Millennium B.C. Or 36: 3954.Google Scholar
Klein, J. 1997. The God Martu in Sumerian Literature. Pp. 99116 in Sumerian Gods and Their Representations, ed. Finkel, I. L., and Geller, M. J. Cuneiform Monographs 7. Groningen: STYX.Google Scholar
Klengel, H. 1992. Syria 3000 to 300 BC: A Handbook of Political History. Berlin: Akademie.Google Scholar
Kletter, R., and Levi, Y. 2016. Middle Bronze Age Burials in the Southern Levant: Spartan Warriors or Ordinary People? OJA 35: 527.Google Scholar
Knudsen, E. E. 1999. Amorite Names and Old Testament Onomastics. SJOT 13: 202–24.Google Scholar
Knudsen, E. E. 2004. Amorite Vocabulary: A Comparative Statement. Pp. 317–31 in Assyria and Beyond: Studies Presented to Mogens Trolle Larsen, ed. Dercksen, J. G.. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten te Leiden 100. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Kogan, L. 2011. Proto-Semitic Lexicon. Pp. 179–258 in Weninger, 2011.Google Scholar
Kolb, M. J., and Snead, J. E. 1997. It’s a Small World after All: Comparative Analyses of Community Organization in Archaeology. American Antiquity 62: 609–28.Google Scholar
Koliński, R. 2012. Generation Count at Tell Arbid, Sector P. Pp. 109–28 in Weis, 2012.Google Scholar
Kopetzky, K. 2015. Egyptian Burial Costumes in the Royal Tombs I–III of Byblos. Pp. 393412 in Cult and Ritual on the Levantine Coast and Its Impact on the Eastern Mediterranean Realm. Proceedings of the International Symposium Beirut 2012, ed. Maila-Afeiche, A.-M.. BAAL Hors-Série X. Beirut: Ministère de la Culture Direction Générale des Antiquités.Google Scholar
Kouchoukos, N. 1999. Landscape and Social Change in Late Prehistoric Mesopotamia. PhD diss., Yale University.Google Scholar
Koucky, F. L. 2008. Physical Environment. Pp. 11–15 in Stager, , et al. 2008.Google Scholar
Kramer, S. N. 1990. The Marriage of Martu. Pp. 1127 in Bar-Ilan Studies in Assyriology: Dedicated to Pinhas Artzi, ed. Klein, J., and Skaist, A. J. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press.Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. 1995. The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC. Routledge History of the Ancient World. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kume, S., and Sultan, A. 2014. Burials, Nomads, and Cities: A Perspective to Changing Nomad-Sedentary Relations on the Syrian Middle Euphrates during the Third and Second Millennium BC. Pp. 137–50 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2014b.Google Scholar
Kunz, E. F. 1973. The Refugee in Flight: Kinetic Models and Forms of Displacement. International Migration Review 7: 125–46.Google Scholar
Kupper, J. R. 1957. Les nomades en Mésopotamie au temps des rois de Mari. Bibliothèque de la Faculté de philosophie et lettres de l’Université de Liège 142. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.Google Scholar
Kuzucuoğlu, C. 2007. Climatic and Environmental Trends during the Third Millennium B.C. in Upper Mesopotamia. Pp. 460–80 in Kuzucuoǧlu, and Marro, 2007.Google Scholar
Kuzucuoǧlu, C., and Marro, C., eds. 2007. Sociétés humaines et changement climatique à la fin du troisième millénaire: une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en haute Mésopotamie? Varia Anatolica 19. Istanbul: Institut français d’études anatoliennes Georges-Dumézils-Istanbul.Google Scholar
Lafont, B. 2009. The Army of the Kings of Ur: The Textual Evidence. Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2009. http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2009/cdlj2009_005.pdf.Google Scholar
Lambert, W. G. 1960 .Babylonian Wisdom Literature. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon.Google Scholar
Lamia al Gailani, W. 2012. A Note on Sumerian Fashion in The Sumerian World, ed. Crawford, H.. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Landsberger, B. 1954a. Assyrische Königsliste und “Dunkles Zeitalter.” JCS 8: 3145.Google Scholar
Landsberger, B. 1954b. Assyrische Königsliste und “Dunkles Zeitalter” (Continued). JCS 8: 106–33.Google Scholar
Laneri, N. 2007. Burial Practices at Titriş Höyük, Turkey: An Interpretation. JNES 66: 241–66.Google Scholar
Laneri, N. 2011. A Family Affair: The Use of Intramural Funerary Chambers in Mesopotamia during the Late Third and Early Second Millennia B.C.E. Pp. 121–35 in Residential Burial: A Multiregional Exploration, ed. Adams, R. L., and King, S. M. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 20. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Laneri, N. 2014. Locating the Social Memory of the Ancestors: Residential Funerary Chambers as Locales of Social Remembrance in Mesopotamia during the Late Third and Early Second Millennia BC. Pp. 3–10 in Pfälzner, , et al. 2014.Google Scholar
Langgut, D., Neumann, F. H., Stein, M., Wagner, A., Kagan, E. J., Boaretto, E., and Finkelstein, I. 2014. Dead Sea Pollen Record and History of Human Activity in the Judean Highlands (Israel) from the Intermediate Bronze into the Iron Ages (∼2500–500 BCE). Palynology 38: 280302.Google Scholar
Larkman, S. J. 2007. Human Cargo: Transportation of Western Asiatic People during the 11th and 12th Dynasty. JSSEA 34: 107–13.Google Scholar
Larsen, M. T. 1967. Old Assyrian Caravan Procedures. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul 22. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Larsen, M. T. 1976. The Old Assyrian City State and Its Colonies. Copenhagen: Akademisk.Google Scholar
Larsen, M. T. 1987. Commercial Networks in the Ancient Near East. Pp. 4756 in Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, ed. Rowlands, M., Larsen, M. T., and Kristiansen, K. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Larsen, M. T. 2015. Ancient Kanesh: A Merchant Colony in Bronze Age Anatolia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Larsen, M. T., Bayram, S., and Bilgiç, E. 2010. Kültepe tabletleri 6a: The Archive of the Šalim-Aššur Family, Vol. 1: The First Two Generations. Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınları VI. dizi 33d-a. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.Google Scholar
Larsen, M. T., and Lassen, A. W. 2014. Cultural Exchange at Kültepe. Pp. 171–88 in Extraction & Control: Studies in Honor of Matthew W. Stolper, ed. Kozuh, M., Henkelman, W., Jones, C. E., and Woods, C. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 68. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Lassen, A. W. 2012. Glyptic Encounters: A Stylistic and Prosopographical Study of Seals in the Old Assyrian Period—Chronology, Ownership and Identity. PhD diss., University of Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Lassen, A. W. 2014. The Old Assyrian Glyptic Style: An Investigation of a Seal Style, Its Owners, and Place of Production. Pp. 107–22 in Atici, , et al. 2014.Google Scholar
Lauinger, J. 2011a. An Excavated Dossier of Cuneiform Tablets from Level VII Alalah. BASOR 362: 2164.Google Scholar
Lauinger, J. 2011b. The Temple of Ištar at Old Babylonian Alalakh. JANER 82: 181217.Google Scholar
Lauinger, J. 2015. Following the Man of Yamhad: Settlement and Territory at Old Babylonian Alalah. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 75. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Laursen, S., and Steinkeller, P. 2017. Babylonia, the Gulf Region, and the Indus: Archaeological and Textual Evidence for Contact in the Third and Early Second Millennium B.C. Mesopotamian Civilizations 21. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Laursen, S. T. 2008 Early Dilmun and Its Rulers: New Evidence of the Burial Mounds of the Elite and the Development of Social Complexity, c. 2200–1750 BC. AAE 19: 156–67.Google Scholar
Laursen, S. T. 2011. The Mound Cemeteries of Bahrain: Between the Indus and Mesopotamia: The Emergence and Rise of the Dilmun “State” on Bahrain. PhD diss., University of Aarhus.Google Scholar
Laursen, S. T. 2017. The Royal Mounds of A’ali in Bahrain: The Emergence of Kingship in Early Dilmun. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications 100. Jutland: Narayana.Google Scholar
Lawrence, D., Philip, G., Hunt, H., Snape-Kennedy, L., and Wilkinson, T. J. 2016. Long Term Population, City Size and Climate Trends in the Fertile Crescent: A First Approximation. PLoS ONE 11: e0152563.Google Scholar
Lebeau, M. 2011a. Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and Eastern Mediterranean 1: Jezirah. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Lebeau, M. 2011b. Introduction. Pp. 1–17 in Lebeau, 2011a.Google Scholar
Lebeau, M. 2012. Dating the Destructions of Ebla, Mari and Nagar from Radiocarbon with References to Egypt, Combined with Stratigraphy and Historical Data. Pp. 301–21 in Stories of Long Ago. Festschrift für Michael D. Roaf, ed. Baker, H., Kaniuth, K., and Otto, A. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 397. Münster: Ugarit.Google Scholar
Leemans, W. F. 1950. The Old-Babylonian Merchant: His Business and His Social Position. Studia et documenta ad iura Orientis antiqui pertinentia 3. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Lenzen, H. J., and Haller, A. 1963. XIX. Vorläufiger Bericht über die von dem Deutschen Archäologischen Institut und der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft aus Mitteln der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft unternommenen Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka: Winter 1960/61. Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 8. Berlin: Mann.Google Scholar
Levy, T. E., Adams, R. B., Hauptmann, A., Prange, M., Schmitt-Strecker, S., and Najjar, M. 2002. Early Bronze Age Metallurgy: A Newly Discovered Copper Manufactory in Southern Jordan. Antiquity 76: 425–37.Google Scholar
Li, M. 2018. Social Memory and State Formation in Early China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, M. 1973. Ancient Egyptian Literature 1: The Old and Middle Kingdoms. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, M. 1997a. Merikare (1.35). Pp. 61–66 in COS 1.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, M. 1997b. Sinuhe (1.38). Pp. 77–82 in COS 1.Google Scholar
Limet, H. 1972. L’étranger dans la société sumerienne. Pp. 123–38 in Gesellschaftsklassen im Alten Zweistromland und in den angrenzenden Gebieten,, XVIII. Rencontre assyriologique internationale, München, 29. Juni bis 3. Juli 1970, ed. Edzard, D. O.. Veröffentlichungen der Kommission zur Entschliessung von Keilschrifttexten, Serie A, 6. bhandlungen (Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse), 75. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Limet, H. 1995. L’émigré dans la société mésopotamienne. Pp. 165–79 in van Lerberghe, and Schoors, 1995.Google Scholar
Lipiński, E. 1997. Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta 80. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 1973. The Amorites. Pp. 100–33 in Peoples of Old Testament Times, ed. Wiseman, D. J.. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Lönnqvist, M. A. 2006. Archaeological Surveys of Jebel Bishri: The Preliminary Report of the Finnish Mission to Syria, 2000–2004. Kaskal 3: 203–40.Google Scholar
Lönnqvist, M. A. 2008a. Jebel Bishri in Context: Introduction to the Archaeological Studies and the Neighbourhood of Jebel Bishri in Central Syria. Proceedings of a Nordic Research Training Seminar in Syria, May 2004. BAR International Series 1817. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Lönnqvist, M. A. 2008b. Were Nomadic Amorites on the Move? Migration, Invasion and Gradual Infiltration as Mechanisms for Cultural Transitions. Pp. 195215 in Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March–3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin, Vol. 2: Social and Cultural Transformation: The Archaeology of Transitional Periods and Dark Ages, Excavation Reports, ed. Kühne, H., Czichon, R. M., and Kreppner, F. J. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Lönnqvist, M. A. 2009. Jebel Bishri in Syria and the Role of Nomadism in the End of the Early Bronze Age. Pp. 49–55 in Parr, 2009.Google Scholar
Lönnqvist, M. A. 2010. How to Control Nomads? A Case Study Associated with Jebel Bishri in Central Syria: West Semitic Nomads in Relation to the Urban World. Pp. 115–39 in City Administration in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 53e Rencontre assyriologique internationale, vol. 2, ed. Kogan, L. E., Koslova, N., Loesov, S., and Tishchenko, S. Orientalia et classica 31. Babel und Bibel 5. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Lönnqvist, M. A., Törmä, M., Lönnqvist, K., and Nuñez, M. 2011. Jebel Bishri in Focus: Remote Sensing, Archaeological Surveying, Mapping, and GIS Studies of Jebel Bishri in Central Syria by the Finnish Project SYGIS. BAR International Series 2230. Oxford, England: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Loud, G. 1948. Megiddo 2: Seasons of 1935–39. Oriental Institute Publications 62. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Luft, U. 1993. Asiatics in Illahun: A Preliminary Report. Pp. 291–97 in Sesto Congresso internazionale di egittologia 2, ed. Leclant, J.. Turin: International Association of Egyptologists.Google Scholar
Luke, J. T. 1965. Pastoralism and Politics in the Mari Period: A Re-examination of the Character and Political Significance of the Major West Semitic Tribal Groups on the Middle Euphrates, ca. 1828–1758 B.C. PhD diss., University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Lumsden, S. 2008. Material Culture and the Middle Ground in the Old Assyrian Colony Period. Pp. 2143 in Old Assyrian Studies in Memory of Paul Garelli, ed. Michel, C.. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor Het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Mac Sweeney, N. 2011 Community Identity and Archaeology: Dynamic Communities at Aphrodisias and Beycesultan. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Maeir, A. M. 2003. Does Size Count? Urban and Cultic Perspectives on the Rural Landscape during the Middle Bronze II. Pp. 6169 in The Rural Landscape of Ancient Israel, ed. Maeir, A. M., Dar, S., and Safrai, Z. e. BAR International Series 1121. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Maeir, A. M. 2010. “In the Midst of the Jordan”: The Jordan Valley during the Middle Bronze Age (circa 2000–1500 BCE): Archaeological and Historical Correlates. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 64. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 36. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Malamat, A. 1995. A Note on the Ritual of Treaty Making in Mari and the Bible. IEJ 45: 226–29.Google Scholar
Malamat, A. 1997. Cultural Impact of the West (Syria-Palestine) on Mesopotamia in the Old Babylonian Period. Altorientalische Forschungen 24: 310–19.Google Scholar
Mallowan, M. E. L. 1937. Excavations at Tell Chagar Bazar and an Archaeological Survey of the Habur Region Second Campaign, 1936. Iraq 4: 91177.Google Scholar
Mann, M. 2012. The Sources of Social Power 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mantellini, S., Micael, M. G., and Peyronel, L. 2013. Exploiting Diversity: The Archaeological Landscape of the Eblaite Chora. Pp. 163–94 in Matthiae, and Marchetti, 2013a.Google Scholar
Marchesi, G. 2006. LUMMA in the Onomasticon and Literature of Ancient Mesopotamia. History of the Ancient Near East Studies 10. Padova: Sargon.Google Scholar
Marchesi, G. 2010. The Sumerian King List and the Early History of Mesopotamia. Pp. 231–48 in Ana Turri Gimilli: Studi dedicati al Padre Werner R. Mayer, S.J. da amici e allievi, ed. Biga, M. G., and Liverani, M. Vicino Oriente, , Quaderno, V. Rome: Università degli studi di Roma «La Sapienza».Google Scholar
Marchesi, G. 2017. Appendix 5. Inscriptions from the Royal Mounds of A’ali (Bahrain) and Related Texts. Pp. 425–36 in The Royal Mounds of A’ali in Bahrain: The Emergence of Kingship in Early Dilmun, ed. Laursen, S. T.. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications 100. Jutland: Narayana.Google Scholar
Marchetti, N. 2006. Middle Bronze Age Public Architecture at Tilmen Höyük and the Architectural Tradition of Old Syrian Palaces. Pp. 275308 in Ina Kibrāt Erbetti: studi di archeologia orientale dedicati a Paolo Matthiae, ed. Baffi, F., Dolce, R., Mazzoni, S., and Pinnock, F. Rome: Università di Roma «La Sapienza».Google Scholar
Marcus, E. S. 2002. The Southern Levant and Maritime Trade during the Middle Bronze IIA Period. Pp. 241–63 in Aharon Kempinski Memorial Volume: Studies in Archaeology and Related Disciplines, ed. Ahituv, S., and Oren, E. D. Beer-Sheva 15. Jerusalem: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.Google Scholar
Marcus, E. S. 2007 Amenemhet II and the Sea: Maritime Aspects of the Mit Rahina (Memphis) Inscription. ÄuL 17: 137–90.Google Scholar
Marcus, E. S. 2013 Correlating and Combining Egyptian Historical and Southern Levantine Radiocarbon Chronologies at Middle Bronze Age IIa Tel Ifshar, Israel. Pp. 182208 in Radiocarbon and the Chronologies of Ancient Egypt, ed. Shortland, A. J., and Bronk Ramsey, C. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Marcus, E. S., Porath, Y., Schiestl, R., Seiler, A., and Paley, S. M. 2008. The Middle Kingdom Egyptian Pottery from Middle Bronze Age IIa Tell Ifshar. ÄuL 18: 203–19.Google Scholar
Margalit, B. 1999. The Legend of Keret. Pp. 202–33 in Handbook of Ugaritic Studies, ed. Watson, W. G. E., and Wyatt, N. Handbuch der Orientalistik 39. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Margueron, J. 1985. A propos des Temples de Syrie du Nord. Pp. 1138 in Sanctuaires et clergés, ed. Simon, M.. Etudes d’histoire des religions 4. Paris: Geuthner.Google Scholar
Margueron, J.-C. 2004. Mari, métropole de l’Euphrate au IIIe et au début IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Paris: Picard.Google Scholar
Margueron, J.-C. 2014. Mari: Capital of Northern Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium, The Archaeology of Tell Hariri on the Euphrates. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Marro, C. 2007. Continuity and Change in the Birecik Valley at the End of the Third Millennium B.C.: The Archaeological Evidence from Horum Höyük. Pp. 383–401 in Kuzucuoǧlu, and Marro, 2007.Google Scholar
Martin, G. T. 1998. The Toponym Retjenu on a Scarab from Tell el-Dabʿa. ÄuL 8: 109–12.Google Scholar
Martin, S. R. 2017. The Art of Contact Comparative Approaches to Greek and Phoenician Art. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Matisoo-Smith, E., Gosling, A. L., Platt, D., Kardailsky, O., Prost, S., Cameron-Christie, S., Collins, C. J., Boocock, J., Kurumilian, Y., Guirguis, M., Pla Orquín, R., Khalil, W., Genz, H., Abou Diwan, G., Nassar, J., and Zalloua, P. 2018. Ancient Mitogenomes of Phoenicians from Sardinia and Lebanon: A Story of Settlement, Integration, and Female Mobility. PLoS ONE 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190169.Google Scholar
Matney, T. 2018. Infant Burial Practices as Domestic Funerary Ritual at Early Bronze Age Titriş Höyük. NEA 81: 174–81.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 1979a. Du-ub di Mardikh IIB1 = Tu-ba di Alalakh VII. StEb 1: 115–18.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 1979b. Princely Cemetery and Ancestors Cult at Ebla during Middle Bronze II: A Proposal of Interpretation. UF 11: 563–69.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 1995. Fouilles à Ébla en 1993–1994: les palais de la ville basse nord. CRAIBL 139: 651–81.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2002. A Preliminary Note on the MB I–II Fortification System at Ebla. DM 13: 2951.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2006a. The Archaic Palace at Ebla: A Royal Building between Early Bronze Age IVB and Middle Bronze Age I. Pp. 85103 in Confronting the Past: Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever, ed. Gitin, S., Wright, J. E., and Dessel, J. P. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2006b. Un grand temple de l’époque des archives dans l’Ébla protosyrienne: fouilles à Tell Mardikh 2004–2005 . CRAIBL 150: 447–93.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2007. Nouvelles fouilles à Ébla en 2006: le temple du rocher et ses successeurs protosyriens et paléosyriens. CRAIBL 151: 481525.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2009. Temples et reines de l’Ébla protosyrienne: résultats des fouilles à Tell Mardikh en 2007 et 2008. Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 153: 747–91.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2010. Ebla. La città del trono: Archeologia e storia. Turin: Einaudi.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2013a. About the Formation of Old Syrian Architectural Tradition [2002]. Pp. 347–64 in Pinnock 2013.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2013b. An Archaic Old Syrian Stele from Ebla and the Figurative Culture of Syria around 1800 BC. Pp. 517–55 in Pinnock, 2013.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2013c. Architecture and Urban Planning in Old Syrian Ebla [1991]. Pp. 259–84 in Pinnock, 2013.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2013d. The IIIrd Millennium in North-Western Syria: Stratrigraphy and Architecture. Pp. 181–98 in Orthmann, , et al. 2013.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2013e. The Princely Burial Area in the Lower Town of Amorite Ebla [1980]. Pp. 393–403 in Pinnock, 2013.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2013f. The Royal Palace: Functions of the Quarters and the Government of the Chora. Pp. 49–65 in Matthiae, and Marchetti, 2013a.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2013g. The Temple of the Rock of Early Bronze IVA-B at Ebla: Structure, Chronology, Continuity [2009]. Pp. 203–15 in Pinnock, 2013.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. 2013h. Where Were the Early Syrian Kings of Ebla Buried? [1997]. Pp. 25–29 in Pinnock, 2013.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P., and Marchetti, N. 2013a. Ebla and Its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast.Google Scholar
Matthiae, P., and Marchetti, N. 2013b. Introduction: Representing the Chora of Ebla. Pp. 25–32 in Matthiae, and Marchetti, 2013a.Google Scholar
Maxime, P., and Michel, Z. 2011. De deux pierres levées à Mari au IIIe millénaire: attestations archéologiques et pratiques religieuses (Syrie). Pp. 103–12 in Pierres levées, stèles anthropomorphes et dolmens, ed. Steimer-Herbet, T.. British Archaeological Reports 2317. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Mazar, A. 1990. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible 10,000–586 BCE. 1st ed. Anchor Bible Reference Library. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Mazar, A. 1992. Temples of the Middle and Late Bronze Ages and the Iron Age. Pp. 161–87 in The Architecture of Ancient Israel: From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods, ed. Kempinski, A., and Reich, R., English, ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Mazar, B. 1986. The Middle Bronze Age in Canaan. Pp. 134 in The Early Biblical Period: Historical Studies, ed. Ahituv, S., and Levine, B. A. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Mazzoni, S. 2013. Tell Afis: History and Excavations. NEA 76: 204–12.Google Scholar
McCarter, P. K. Jr. 2011. The Patriarchal Age: Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Pp. 134 in Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple, ed. Shanks, H., 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society.Google Scholar
McGovern, P. E., and Harbottle, G. 1997. “Hyksos” Trade Connections between Tell el-Dabʿa (Avaris) and the Levant: A Neutron Activation Study of the Canaanite Jar. Pp. 148–57 in Oren, 1997a.Google Scholar
Meller, H., Arz, H. W., Jung, R., and Risch, R., eds. 2015. 2200 BC: A Climatic Breakdown as a Cause for the Collapse of the Old World? 7th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 23-26, 2014 in Halle (Saale). Tagungen des Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle 12/I. Halle (Saale): Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte.Google Scholar
Merrillees, R. S. 2003. The First Appearance of Kamares Ware in the Levant: An Interim Report. Pp. 341–44 in The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II, ed. Bietak, M.. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 4. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Meyer, J.-W. 2011. City Planning. Pp. 129–36 in Lebeau, 2011a.Google Scholar
Meyer, J.-W., and Hempelmann, R. 2013. Das dritte Jahrtausend im Gebiet des Mittleren Euphrats: Stratigraphie und Architektur. Pp. 165–79 in Orthmann, , et al. 2013.Google Scholar
Meyer, J.-W., and Orthmann, W. 2013. Die westliche Ğazīra in der Frühen Bronzezeit. Pp. 147–64 in Orthmann, , et al. 2013.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 1983. History as Charter: Some Observations on the Sumerian King List. JAOS 103: 237–48.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 1986. Mental Maps and Ideology: Reflections on Subartu. Pp. 129–56 in The Origins of Cities in Dry-Farming Syria and Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium B.C., ed. Weiss, H.. New Haven, CT: Four Quarters.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 1989. The Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur. Mesopotamian Civilizations 1. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 1995a. The Men from Mari. Pp. 181–88 in van Lerberghe, and Schoors, 1995.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 1995b. Sumerian Literature: An Overview. Pp. 2279–91 in CANE 4, ed. Sasson, J. M.. London: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 2005. Literary Works from the Court of King Ishbi-Erra of Isin. Pp. 199212 in An Experienced Scribe Who Neglects Nothing”: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Jacob Klein, ed. Sefati, Y., Artzi, P., Cohen, C., Eichler, B. L., and Hurowitz, V. A. Bethesda, MD: CDL.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 2006. Love or Death? Observations on the Role of the Gala in Ur III Ceremonial Life. JCS 58: 4961.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 2008. Observations on “Elamites” and “Elam” in Ur III Times. Pp. 109–23 in On the Third Dynasty of Ur: Studies in Honor of Marcel Sigrist, ed. Michalowski, P., and Sigrist, M. Journal of Cuneiform Studies. Supplemental Series 1. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 2011. The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom. Mesopotamian Civilizations 15. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 2013. Networks of Authority and Power in Ur III Times. Pp. 169–205 in Garfinkle, and Molina, 2013.Google Scholar
Michel, C. 2014. Considerations on the Assyrian Settlement at Kanesh. Pp. 69–84 in Atici, , et al. 2014.Google Scholar
Middleton, G. D. 2018. Bang or Whimper? Science 361: 1204–05.Google Scholar
Miglio, A. E. 2017 Epic of Zimri-Lim (A. 3152+M.5665+) (4.51). Pp. 231–34 in COS 4.Google Scholar
Miglus, P. 2001 Der Aššur-Tempel des Königs Šamšī-Adad I. und die mesopotamische Sakralarchitektur seiner Zeit. Pp. 322–31 in Beiträge zur vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Winfried Orthmann gewidmet, ed. Meyer, J.-W., Novák, M., and Pruß, A. Frankfurt: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Archäologisches Institut.Google Scholar
Miglus, P., and Strommenger, E. 2002. Tall Bi‘a-Tuttul VIII: Stadtbefestigungen, Häuser und Tempel. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 103. Saarbrücken: Saarbrücker.Google Scholar
Miglus, P. A., and Strommenger, E., eds. 2007. Tall Bi‘a-Tuttul VII. Der Palast A. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 114. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Milano, L. 1996. Ébla: Gestion Des Terres Et Gestion Des Ressources Alimentaires. Pp. 135–70 in Mari, Ébla et les Hourrites: dix ans de travaux, ed. Durand, J.-M.. Amurru 1. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Millard, A. R. 1980. A Wandering Aramean. JNES 39: 153–55.Google Scholar
Millard, A. R. 1997. Assyrian King Lists (1.135). Pp. 463–65 in COS 1.Google Scholar
de Miroschedji, P. 1993. Jarmuth, Tel. Pp. 661–65 in NEAEHL 2, ed. Stern, E., 2nd English ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
de Miroschedji, P. 2008. Jarmuth, Tel. Pp. 1792–97 in NEAEHL 5, ed. Stern, E.. Jerusalem: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
de Miroschedji, P. 2012. Egypt and Southern Canaan in the Third Millennium BCE: Uni’s Asiatic Campaigns Revisited. Pp. 265–92 in All the Wisdom of the East: Studies in Near Eastern Archaeology and History in Honor of Eliezer D. Oren, ed. Gruber, M., Aḥituv, S., Lehmann, G., and Talshir, Z. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 255. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P. 2018. The Donkey in Human History: An Archaeological Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moeller, N. 2005. The First Intermediate Period: A Time of Famine and Climate Change? ÄuL 15: 153–67.Google Scholar
Moeller, N. 2016. The Archaeology of Urbanism in Ancient Egypt: From the Predynastic Period to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Montet, P. 1928. Byblos et l’Égypte: quatre campagnes de fouilles à Gebeil, 1921–1922–1923–1924. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 11. Paris: Geuthner.Google Scholar
Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2007a, Qatna and Its Hinterland during the Bronze and Iron Ages: A Preliminary Reconstruction of Urbanism and Settlement in the Mishrifeh Region. Pp. 65–90 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2007b.Google Scholar
Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2007b. Urban and Natural Landscapes of an Ancient Syrian Capital: Settlement and Environment at Tell Mishrife/Qatna and in Central-Western Syria. Studi Archeologici su Qatna 1. Udine: Universitaria Udinese.Google Scholar
Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2014a. The Northern Levant (Syria) during the Middle Bronze Age. Pp. 414–33 in OHAL, ed. Steiner, M. L., and Killebrew, A. E. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2014b. Settlement Dynamics and Human-Landscape Interaction in the Dry Steppes of Syria. Studia Chaburensia 4. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Morandi Bonacossi, D., and Iamoni, M. 2012. The Early History of the Western Palmyra Desert Region. The Change in the Settlement Patterns and the Adaptation of Subsistence Strategies to Encroaching Aridity: A First Assessment of the Desert-Kite and Tumulus Cultural Horizons. Syria 89: 3158.Google Scholar
Moreno García, J. C. 2015. Climatic Change or Sociopolitical Transformation? Reassessing Late 3rd Millennium BC in Egypt. Pp. 79–94 in Meller, , et al. 2015.Google Scholar
Moreno García, J. C. 2017. Trade and Power in Ancient Egypt: Middle Egypt in the Late Third/Early Second Millennium BC. JAR 25: 87132.Google Scholar
Morris, E. F. 2010. Insularity and Island Identity in the Oases Bordering Egypt’s Great Sand Sea. Pp. 127–44 in Thebes and Beyond: Studies in Honor of Kent R. Weeks, ed. Hawass, Z. A., and Ikram, S. Supplément aux Annales du Service des antiquités de l’Egypte. Cahier 41. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Morris, E. F. 2018. Théorie insulaire et affordances des oasis du désert égyptien. Pp. 6390 in Mer et désert de l’Antiquité à nos jours: visions croisées, ed. Tallet, G., and Sauzeau, T. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar
Mourad, A.-L. 2013. Asiatics and Abydos: From the Twelfth Dynasty to the Early Second Intermediate Period. The Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 24: 3158.Google Scholar
Mourad, A.-L. 2014. The Procession of Asiatics. Pp. 7278 in Beni Hassan I: The Tomb of Khnumhotep II, ed. Kanawati, N., and Evans, L. Oxford: Aris and Phillips.Google Scholar
Mourad, A.-L. 2017. The Asiatic Sṯ.t and Sṯ.tyw from the Early Dynastic Period to the Middle Kingdom. Pp. 297310 in The Cultural Manifestations of Religious Experience: Studies in Honour of Boyo G. Ockinga, ed. Di Biase-Dyson, C., and Donovan, L. Ägypten und Altes Testament 85. Münster: Ugarit.Google Scholar
Nagar, Y. 2014. Appendix IIF: Human Skeletal Remains. Pp. 319 in Dever, 2014.Google Scholar
Nakamura, T. 2010. The Early Bronze Age Chronology Based on 14C Ages of Charcoal Remains from Tell el-Ghanem al-Ali. Pp. 119–29 in Ohnuma, 2010.Google Scholar
Nassar, J. 2016. Infra-Urban Funerary Spaces: How the Dead Interact with Daily Life at Mari (3rd Millennium–2nd Millennium BC). Pp. 271–93 in How to Cope with Death: Mourning and Funerary Practices in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Firenze, 5th-6th December 2013, ed. Felli, C.. Florence: ETS.Google Scholar
Newberry, P. E. 1893. Beni Hasan. Archaeological Survey of Egypt. London: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar
Newberry, P. E. 1894. Beni Hasan II. Archaeological Survey of Egypt. London: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar
Nichols, J. J., and Weber, J. A. 2006. Amorites, Onagers and Social Reorganization in Middle Bronze Age Syria. Pp. 38–57 in Schwartz, and Nichols, 2006.Google Scholar
Nicolle, C. 2012. Pre-Khabur Occupations at Tell Mohammed Diyab (Syrian Jezirah). Pp. 129–44 in Weis, 2012.Google Scholar
Niemeier, W.-D., and Niemeier, B. 2002. The Frescoes in the Middle Bronze Age Palace. Pp. 254–98 in Kempinski, 2002.Google Scholar
Nigro, L. 2003. The Smith and the King of Ebla: Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware, Metallic Wares and the Ceramic Chronology of Middle Bronze Syria. Pp. 345–63 in The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II, ed. Bietak, M.. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 4. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Nigro, L. 2014. The Copper Route and the Egyptian Connection in the 3rd Millennium BC Jordan Seen from the Caravan City of Khirbet al-Batrawy. Vicino Oriente 28.Google Scholar
Nishiaki, Y. 2014. Steppe Exploitation by Bronze Age Communities in the Middle Euphrates Valley, Syria. Pp. 111–24 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2014b.Google Scholar
Nishimura, Y. 2015. A Systematic Comparison of Material Culture between Household Floors and Residential Burials in Late Third-Millennium B.C.E.Mesopotamia. AJA 119: 419–40.Google Scholar
Novák, M. 2015. Urbanism and Architecture. Pp. 41–84 in Finkbeiner, , et al. 2015a.Google Scholar
Novák, M., and Pfälzner, P. 2001. Ausgrabungen in Tall Mišrife-Qatna 2000: Vorbericht der deutschen Komponente des internationalen Kooperationsprojektes. MDOG 133: 157–98.Google Scholar
Oates, D. 1967. The Excavations at Tell al-Rimah, 1966. Iraq 29: 7096.Google Scholar
Oates, D. 1972. The Excavations at Tell al Rimah, 1971. Iraq 34: 7786.Google Scholar
Ohnuma, K., ed. 2010. Formation of Tribal Communities: Integrated Research in the Middle Euphrates, Syria. al-Rāfidān Supplement 10.Google Scholar
Oliver-Smith, A. 1996. Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters. Annual Review of Anthropology 25: 303–28.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, A. L. 1954. The Seafaring Merchants of Ur. JAOS 74: 617.Google Scholar
Oren, E. D. 1997a. The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives. University Museum Monograph. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Oren, E. D. 1997b. The “Kingdom of Sharuhen” and the Hyksos Kingdom. Pp. 253–83 in Oren, 1997a.Google Scholar
Oren, E. D., and Yekutieli, Y. 1990. North Sinai during the MB I Period: Pastoral Nomadism and Sedentary Settlement. EI 21: 622 (Hebrew).Google Scholar
Ornan, T. 2012. The Long Life of a Dead King: A Bronze Statue from Hazor in Its Ancient Near Eastern Context. BASOR 366: 124.Google Scholar
Ornan, T. 2017. Metal Statuary. Pp. 514–18 in Ben-Tor, et al. 2017b.Google Scholar
Orthmann, W., Klein, H., Kühne, H., Novák, M., Pruß, A., Vila, E., Weicken, H.-M., and Wener, A. 1995. Ausgrabungen in Tell Chuera in Nordost-Syrien I: Vorbericht über die Grabungskampagnen 1986 bis 1992. Vorderasiatische Forschungen der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim-Stiftung 2. Saarbrücken: Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag.Google Scholar
Orthmann, W., Matthiae, P., and al-Maqdissi, M., eds. 2013. Archéologie et histoire de la Syrie 1: la Syrie de l’époque néolithique à l’âge du fer. Schriften zur Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 1/1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Osborne, J. F., ed. 2014a. Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology. IEMA Proceedings 3. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Osborne, J. F., 2014b. Monuments and Monumentality. Pp. 1–19 in Osborne, 2014a.Google Scholar
Otto, A. 2004. Tall Bi‘a-Tuttul IV: Siegel und Siegelabrollunen. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 104. Saarbrücken: Saarbrücker.Google Scholar
Ottosson, M., ed. 1980. Temples and Cult Places in Palestine. Boreas 12. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Owen, D. I. 1990. Syrians in Sumerian Sources from the Ur III Period. Pp. 107–75 in New Horizons in the Study of Ancient Syria, ed. Chavalas, M. W., and Hayes, J. L. BM 25. Malibu, CA: Udena.Google Scholar
Owen, D. I. 1995. Amorites and the Location of BÀDki. Pp. 213–20 in van Lerberghe, and Schoors, 1995.Google Scholar
Özgüç, T. 1986. Kültepe-Kaneš II: New Researches at the Trading Center of the Ancient Near East. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi (English and Turkish).Google Scholar
Özgüç, T. 1999. The Palaces and Temples of Kültepe-Kaniš/Neša. Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınlarından., V. dizi. Sa. 46. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi (Turkish and English).Google Scholar
Pardee, D. 1997. The ‘Aqhatu Legend (1.103). Pp. 343–56 in COS 1.Google Scholar
Pardee, D. 2002. Ritual and Cult at Ugarit. Writings from the Ancient World Series, Society of Biblical Literature 10. Atlanta: Scholars.Google Scholar
Pardee, D. 2011a. Ugaritic. Pp. 460–72 in Weninger, 2011.Google Scholar
Pardee, D. 2011b. The Ugaritic Texts and the Origins of West-Semitic Literary Composition. Schweich Lectures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Parr, P. J., ed. 2009. The Levant in Transition: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the British Museum on 20–21 April 2004. Palestine Exploration Fund Annual 9. Leeds, UK: Maney.Google Scholar
Pasquali, J. 1997. La terminologia semitica dei tessili nei testi di Ebla. Pp. 217–70 in Miscellanea Eblaitica 4, ed. Fronzaroli, P.. Florence.Google Scholar
Paz, Y. 2011. “Raiders on the Storm”: The Violent Destruction of Leviah, an Early Bronze Age Urban Centre in the Southern Levant. Journal of Conflict Archaeology 6: 321.Google Scholar
Peltenburg, E. J. 2008. Enclosing the Ancestors and the Growth of Socio-Political Complexity in Early Bronze Age Syria. Scienze dell’antichità Storia Archeologia Antropologia 14: 215–47.Google Scholar
Peretz, B., and Smith, P. 2004. Dental Morphology and Pathology of Middle Bronze Age Populations in Israel: Sasa and Jebel Qa‘aqir. ‘Atiqot 46: 45*–49*.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F. 1898. Deshasheh. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.Google Scholar
Petrik, M. t. 2011. Foreign Groups at Lahun during the Late Middle Kingdom. Pp. 211–26 in From Illahun to Djeme: Papers Presented in Honour of Ulrich Luft on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday, ed. Bechtold, E., Gulyás, A., and Hasznos, A. BAR International Series. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Peyronel, L. 2014. From Weighing Wool to Weaving Tools. Textile Manufacture at Ebla during the Early Syrian Period in the Light of Archaeological Evidence. Pp. 124–38 in Breniquet, and Michel, 2014.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P. 1990. Tell Bderi: The development of a Bronze Age Town. Pp. 6379 in The Near East in Antiquity: German Contributions to the Archaeology of Jordan, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon and Egypt, ed. Kerner, S.. Amman: Goethe-Institute.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P. 2011a. Architecture. Pp. 137–200 in Lebeau, 2011a.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P. 2011b. Die Chronologie der Königsgruft von Qaṭna. Pp. 55–67 in Pfälzner, 2011d.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P. 2011c. Die Königsgruft in Qatna als architektonisches Ensemble. Pp. 69–84 in Pfälzner, 2011d.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P. 2011d. Interdisziplinäre Studien zur Königsgruft in Qaṭna. Qaṭna Studien 1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P. 2012a. How Did They Bury the Kings of Qatna. Pp. 205–20 in Pfälzner, 2012b.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P. 2012b. (Re-)Constructing Funerary Rituals in the Ancient Near East. Qaṭna Studien, Supplementa 1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P. 2014. Royal Funerary Practices and Inter-regional Contacts in the Middle Bronze Age Levant: New Evidence from Qatna. Pp. 141–56 in Pfälzner, , et al. 2014.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P., Niehr, H., Pernicka, E., Lange, S., and Köster, T., eds. 2014. Contextualising Grave Inventories in the Ancient Near East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Philip, G. 1989. Metal Weapons of the Early and Middle Bronze Ages in Syria-Palestine. BAR International Series 526. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Philip, G. 1995. Warrior Burials in the Ancient Near Eastern Bronze Age: The Evidence from Mesopotamia, Western Iran, and Syria-Palestine. Pp. 140–54 in The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East, ed. Campbell, S., and Green, A. Oxbow Monograph 51. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Philip, G. 2006. Tell el-Dabʿa XV: Metalwork and Metalworking Evidence of the Late Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 36. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 26. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Philip, G. 2007. Natural and Cultural Aspects of the Development of the Marl Landscape East of Lake Qatina During the Bronze and Iron Ages. Pp. 217–26 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2007b.Google Scholar
Pierce, G. A., and Master, D. M. 2015. Ashkelon as Maritime Gateway and Central Place. Pp. 109–23 in Ashkelon 5: The Land behind Ashkelon, ed. Huster, Y.. Final Reports of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Pinnock, F. 2001. The Urban Landscape of Old Syrian Ebla. JCS 53: 1333.Google Scholar
Pinnock, F. 2007. Byblos and Ebla in the 3rd Millennium BC: Two Urban Patterns of Comparison. Pp. 109–33 in Byblos and Jericho in the Early Bronze I: Social Dynamics and Cultural Interactions, ed. Nigro, L.. Studies on the Archaeology of Palestine and Transjordan 4. Rome: Università di Roma «La Sapienza».Google Scholar
Pinnock, F. 2013. Studies on the Archaeology of Ebla 1980–2010. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Pohl, W., and Mehofer, M., eds. 2010. Archaeology of Identity. Denkschriften (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse) 406. Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 17. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Porada, E. 1984. The Cylinder Seal from Tell el-Dabʿa. AJA 88: 485–88.Google Scholar
Porter, A. 1995. The Third Millennium Settlement Complex at Tell Banāt: Tell Kabir. DM 8: 125–63.Google Scholar
Porter, A. 2002a. Communities in Conflict: Death and the Contest for Social Order in the Euphrates River Valley. NEA 65: 156–73.Google Scholar
Porter, A. 2002b. The Dynamics of Death: Ancestors, Pastoralism, and the Origins of a Third-Millennium City in Syria. BASOR 325: 136.Google Scholar
Porter, A. 2012. Mobile Pastoralism and the Formation of Near Eastern Civilizations: Weaving Together Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, B. W. 2013. Complex Communities: The Archaeology of Early Iron Age West-Central Jordan. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Posener, G. 1940. Princes et pays d’Asie et de Nubie. Brussels: Fondation Egyptologique Reine Élisabeth.Google Scholar
Postgate, J. N. 1992. Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Potralz, H. A. 1938. Das Pferd in der Frühzeit. Rostock.Google Scholar
Powell, M. A. 1985. Salt, Seed, and Yields in Sumerian Agriculture: A Critique of the Theory of Progressive Salinization. ZA 75: 738.Google Scholar
Prag, K. 1995. The “Built Tomb” of the Intermediate Early-Middle Bronze Age at Beitrawi, Jordan. Pp. 103–14 in Trade, Contact, and the Movement of Peoples in the Eastern Mediterranean: Studies in Honour of J. Basil Hennessy, ed. Bourke, S., and Descoeudres, J.-P. Mediterranean Archaeology. Supplement 3. Sydney: MEDITARCH.Google Scholar
Prag, K. 2014. The Southern Levant during the Intermediate Bronze Age. Pp. 388400 in OHAL, ed. Steiner, M. L., and Killebrew, A. E. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pritchard, J. B., and Fleming, D. E., eds. 2011. The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pruß, A. 2013. The Last Centuries of the 3rd Millennium in the Syrian Ğezīra. Pp. 137–45 in Orthmann, , et al. 2013.Google Scholar
Quenet, P. 2011. Stratigraphy. Pp. 19–47 in Lebeau, 2011a.Google Scholar
Quinn, J. 2017. In Search of the Phoenicians. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rainey, A. F. 1972. The World of Sinuhe. IOS 2: 369408.Google Scholar
Rainey, A. F. 2006. Sinuhe’s World. Pp. 277–99 in “I Will Speak the Riddles of Ancient Times”: Archaeological and Historical Studies in Honor of Amihai Mazar on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday 1, ed. Maeir, A. M., and de Miroschedji, P. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Rainey, A. F., and Notley, R. S. 2006. The Sacred Bridge: Carta’s Atlas of the Biblical World. Jerusalem: Carta.Google Scholar
Ran, M., and Chen, L. 2019. The 4.2 ka BP Climatic Event and Its Cultural Responses. Quaternary International 521: 158–67.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, C. G. 1981. A Study of Akkadian Personal Names from Mari. PhD diss., The Dropsie College.Google Scholar
Reade, J. E. 1964. El-Mutabbaq and Umm Rus. Sumer 20: 8389.Google Scholar
Redford, D. B. 1970. The Hyksos Invasion in History and Tradition. Or 39: 151.Google Scholar
Redford, D. B. 1986. Egypt and Western Asia in the Old Kingdom. JARCE 23: 125–43.Google Scholar
Redford, D. B. 1992a. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Redford, D. B. 1992b. Execration and Execration Texts. Pp. 681–82 in ABD 2, ed. Freedman, D. N.. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Redford, D. B. 2001. OEAE. 3 vols. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Redmount, C. A. 1995. Ethnicity, Pottery, and the Hyksos at Tell el-Maskhuta in the Egyptian Delta. BA 58: 182–90.Google Scholar
Regev, J., Miroschedji, P. D., and Boaretto, E. 2012. Early Bronze Age Chronology: Radiocarbon Dates and Chronological Models from Tel Yarmuth (Israel). Radiocarbon 54: 505–24.Google Scholar
Regev, J., Miroschedji, P. D., Greenberg, R., Braun, E., Greenhut, Z., and Boaretto, E. 2012. Chronology of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant: New Analysis for a High Chronology. Radiocarbon 54: 525–66.Google Scholar
Rehm, E. 200.3 Waffengräber im Alten Orient: zum Problem der Wertung von Waffen in Gräbern des 3. und frühen 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. in Mesopotamien und Syrien. BAR International Series 1191. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Reichel, C. D. 2001. Political Changes and Cultural Continuity in the Palace of the Rulers at Eshnunna (Tell Asmar) from the Ur III Period to the Isin-Larsa Period (ca. 2070–1850 B.C.). PhD diss., University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1986. Introduction: Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change. Pp. 118 in Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change, ed. Renfrew, C., and Cherry, J. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Renger, J. W. 1979. Interaction of Temple, Palace, and “Private Enterprise” in the Old Babylonian Economy. Pp. 249–56 in State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East, ed. Lipiński, E.. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta 5–6. Leuven: Departement Oriëntalistiek.Google Scholar
Richard, S. 1980. Toward a Consensus of Opinion on the End of the Early Bronze Age in Palestine-Transjordan. BASOR 237: 534.Google Scholar
Richard, S. 2014. The Southern Levant (Transjordan) during the Early Bronze Age. Pp. 330–52 in OHAL, ed. Steiner, M. L., and Killebrew, A. E. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Richard, S., Long, J. C. Jr., Holdorf, P. S., and Peterman, G. L. 2010. Khirbat Iskandar: Final Report on the Early Bronze IV Area C “Gateway” and Cemeteries. Archaeological Expedition to Khirbat Iskandar and Its Environs, Jordan 1. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.Google Scholar
Richardson, S. F. C. 2015. Building Larsa: Labor-Value, Scale and Scope-of-Economy in Ancient Mesopotamia. Pp. 237328 in Labor in the Ancient World 5, ed. Steinkeller, P., and Hudson, M. Dresden: ISLET.Google Scholar
Richardson, S. F. C. 2019a. By the Hand of a Robber: States, Mercenaries and Bandits in Middle Bronze Age Mesopotamia. Pp. 926 in Piracy, Pillage, and Plunder in Antiquity: Appropriation and the Ancient World, ed. Evans, R. J., and De Marre, M. Routledge Monographs in Classical Studies. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Richardson, S. F. C. 2019b. The Oracle BOQ 1, “Trouble,” and the Dūr-Abiešuḫ Texts: The End of Babylon I . JNES 78: 215–37.Google Scholar
Riehl, S., and Bryson, R. 2007. Variability in Human Adaptation to Changing Environmental Conditions in Upper Mesopotamia during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Pp. 523–48 in Kuzucuoǧlu, and Marro, 2007.Google Scholar
Ristvet, L. 2007. The Third Millennium City Wall at Tell Leilan, Syria: Identity, Authority, and Urbanism. Pp. 183211 in Power and Architecture: Monumental Public Architecture in the Bronze Age Near East and Aegean, ed. Bretschneider, J., Driessen, J., and van Lerberghe, K. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 156. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Ristvet, L. 2008. Legal and Archaeological Territories of the Second Millennium BC in Northern Mesopotamia. Antiquity 82: 585–99.Google Scholar
Ristvet, L. 2011. Travel and the Making of North Mesopotamian Polities. BASOR 361: 131.Google Scholar
Ristvet, L. 2012. Resettling Apum: Tribalism and Tribal States in the Tell Leilan Region, Syria. Pp. 3750 in Looking North: The Socioeconomic Dynamics of the Northern Mesopotamian and Anatolian Regions during the Late Third and Early Second Millennium BC, ed. Laneri, N., Pfälzner, P., and Valentini, S. Studien zur Urbanisierung Nordmesopotamiens, Serie D Supplementa 1. P. Pfälzner, ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Ristvet, L. 2014. Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ristvet, L., Guilderson, T., and Weiss, H. 2004. The Dynamics of State Development and Imperialization at Third Millennium Tell Leilan, Syria. Orient-Express 8: 812.Google Scholar
Ristvet, L., and Weiss, H. 2011. Introduction. Pp. xi–xlvii in Eidem, 2011b.Google Scholar
Ritner, R. K. 1997. Execration Texts. Pp. 50–52 in COS 1.Google Scholar
Ritner, R. K. 2002. Semitic Slaves on a Middle Kingdom Estate (3.11) (P. Brooklyn 35.1446). Pp. 35–37 in COS 3.Google Scholar
Roaf, M. 1995. Palaces and Temples in Ancient Mesopotamia. Pp. 423–41 in CANE 1, ed. Sasson, J. M.. London: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Röllig, W. 2011. Phoenician and Punic. Pp. 472–79 in Weninger, 2011.Google Scholar
Rollinger, R. 2017. Dāduša’s Stela and the Vexed Question of Identifying the Main Actors on the Relief. Iraq 79: 203–12.Google Scholar
Roobaert, A., and Bunnens, G. L. 1999. Excavations at Tell Ahmar-Til Barsip. Pp. 163–78 in Archaeology of the Upper Syrian Euphrates, the Tishrin Dam Area: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Barcelona, January 28–30th 1998 15, ed. del Olmo Lete, G., and Fenollós, J.-L. M. Aula Orientalis Supplementa. Barcelona: Sabadell.Google Scholar
Roth, M. T. 1997. Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. 2nd ed. Writings from the Ancient World Series, Society of Biblical Literature. Atlanta: Scholars.Google Scholar
Rouillard, H. 1999. Rephaim. Pp. 692–700 in DDD.Google Scholar
Roymans, N., and Derks, T., eds. 2009. Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition. Amsterdam Archaeological Studies 13. Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Rzepka, S., Hudec, J., Jarmużek, Ł., Dubcová, V., Hulková, L., Odler, M., Wodzińska, A., Trzciński, J., Piorun, M., Šefčáková, A., Sójka, P., Fulajtár, E., Černý, M., and Tirpák, J. 2015. From Hyksos Settlers to Ottoman Pipe Smokers: Tell El-Retaba 2014. ÄuL 25: 97166.Google Scholar
Rzepka, S., Hudec, J., Wodzińska, A., Jarmużek, Ł., Hulková, L., Dubcová, V., Piorun, M., and Šefčáková, A. 2014. Tell el-Retaba from the Second Intermediate Period till the Late Period Results of the Polish-Slovak Archaeological Mission, Seasons 2011–2012. ÄuL 24: 39120.Google Scholar
Sala, M. 2010. La tipologia del tempio in antis nell’architettura sacra della Siria e del Levante nel III millennio a.C.: da Tell Chuera ad al-Rawda. Pp. 5983 in Quale Oriente? Omaggio a un maestro: studi di arte e archeologia del vicino Oriente in memoria di Anton Moortgat a trenta anni dalla sua scomparsa, ed. Dolce, R.. Palermo: Flaccovio.Google Scholar
Sala, M. 2014. Early and Middle Bronze Age Temples at Byblos: Specificity and Levantine Interconnections. Pp. 3158 in Cult and Ritual on the Levantine Coast and Its Impact on the Eastern Mediterranean Realm. Proceedings of the International Symposium Beirut 2012, ed. Maila-Afeiche, A.-M.. BAAL-Hors Séries X. Beirut: Ministère de la Culture Direction Générale des Antiquités.Google Scholar
Sallaberger, W. 2007. From Urban Culture to Nomadism: A History of Upper Mesopotamia in the Late Third Millennium. Pp. 417–56 in Kuzucuoǧlu, and Marro, 2007.Google Scholar
Sallaberger, W. 2011. History and Philology. Pp. 327–42 in Lebeau, 2011a.Google Scholar
Salvini, M. 2000. Les hourrites dans la Djéziré syrienne. Pp. 287–97 in La Djéziré et l’Euphrate syriens de la protohistoire à la fin du IIe millénaire av. J.-C.: tendances dans l‘interprétation historique des données nouvelle textes, ed. Rouault, O., and Wäfler, M. Subartu 7. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Samet, N. 2014. The Lamentation over the Destruction of Ur. Mesopotamian Civilizations 18. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Saretta, P. 2016. Asiatics in Middle Kingdom Egypt: Perceptions and Reality. Bloomsbury Egyptology. London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar
Sasson, J. M. 1968. Instances of Mobility among Mari Artisans. BASOR 190: 4654.Google Scholar
Sasson, J. M. 1969. The Military Establishment at Mari. Studia Pohl 3. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.Google Scholar
Sasson, J. M. 2008. Texts, Trade, and Travellers. Pp. 95–100 in Aruz, , et al. 2008.Google Scholar
Sasson, J. M. 2015. From the Mari Archives: An Anthology of Old Babylonian Letters. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Scarpa, E. 2017. The City of Ebla: A Complete Bibliography of Its Archaeological and Textual Remains. Studi Orientali 5. https://doi.org/10.14277/978-88-6969-158-4.Google Scholar
Schaeffer, C. F. A., ed. 1939. Ugaritica I: études relatives aux découvertes de Ras Shamra. Mission des Ras Shamra 3. Paris: Institut français d’archéologie de Beyrouth.Google Scholar
Scheftelowitz, N. A. 2002. Area B. Pp. 19–34 in Kempinski, 2002.Google Scholar
Schiestl, R. 2002. Some Links between a Late Middle Kingdom Cemetery at Tell el-Dabʿa and Syria-Palestine: The Necropolis of F/I, Strata d/2 and d/1 (= H and G/4). Pp. 329–52 in Bietak, 2002.Google Scholar
Schiestl, R. 2006. The Statue of an Asiatic Man from Tell el-Dabʿa, Egypt. ÄuL 16: 173–85.Google Scholar
Schiestl, R. 2007. The Coffin from Tomb I at Byblos. ÄuL 17: 265–71.Google Scholar
Schiestl, R. 2008. Tomb Types and Layout of a Middle Bronze IIA Cemetery at Tell el-Dabʿa, Area F/I. Egyptian and Non-Egyptian Features. Pp. 243–56 in The Bronze Age in the Lebanon: Studies on the Archaeology and Chronology of Lebanon, Syria and Egypt, ed. Bietak, M., and Czerny, E. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 50. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 17. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Schiestl, R. 2009. Tell el-Dabʿa XVIII. Die Palastnekropole von Tell el-Dabʿa, die Gräber des Areals F/I der Straten d/2 und d/1. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 47. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 30. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Schloen, J. D. 2001. The House of the Father as Fact and Symbol: Patrimonialism in Ugarit and the Ancient Near East. SAHL 2. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Schloen, J. D. 2017. Economic and Political Implications of Raising the Date for the Disappearance of Walled Towns in the Early Bronze Age Southern Levant. Pp. 59–71 in Höflmayer, 2017b.Google Scholar
Schneider, T. 1998. Ausländer in Ägypten während des Mittleren Reiches und der Hyksoszeit 1: Die ausländischen Könige. Ägypten und Altes Testament 42:1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Schneider, T. 2003. Ausländer in Ägypten während des Mittleren Reiches und der Hyksoszeit 2: Die ausländischen Bevölkerung. Ägypten und Altes Testament 42: 2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Schneider, T. 2011. Contributions to the Chronology of the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period. ÄuL 21: 373404.Google Scholar
Schneider, T. 2016. Review of Asiatics in Middle Kingdom Egypt: Perceptions and Reality by Phyllis Saretta. Bryn Mawr Classical Review. http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2016/2016-08-21.html.Google Scholar
Schulman, A. R. 1982. The Battle Scenes of the Middle Kingdom. JSSEA 12: 165–83.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. M. 2006. From Collapse to Regeneration. Pp. 3–17 in Schwartz, and Nichols, 2006.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. M. 2010. Early Non-Cuneiform Writing? Third-Millennium BC Clay Cylinders from Umm el-Marra. Pp. 375–95 in Opening the Tablet Box: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Benjamin R. Foster, ed. Schneider, T.. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 42. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. M. 2013a. An Amorite Global Village: Syrian-Mesopotamian Relations in the Second Millennium B.C. Pp. 211 in Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium, ed. Aruz, J., Graff, S., and Rakic, Y. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. M. 2013b. Memory and Its Demolition: Ancestors, Animals and Sacrifice at Umm el-Marra, Syria. CAJ 23: 495522.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. M., Curvers, H. H., Dunham, S., and Stuart, B. 2003. A Third-Millennium B.C. Elite Tomb and Other New Evidence from Tell Umm el- Marra, Syria. AJA 107: 325–61.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. M., Curvers, H. H., Dunham, S., Stuart, B., and Weber, J. A. 2006. A Third-Millennium B.C. Elite Mortuary Complex at Umm el-Marra, Syria: 2002 and 2004 Excavations. AJA 110: 603–41.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. M., Curvers, H. H., Dunham, S. S., and Weber, J. A. 2012. From Urban Origins to Imperial Integration in Western Syria: Umm el-Marra 2006, 2008. AJA 116: 157–93.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. M., Curvers, H. H., Gerritsen, F. A., Maccormack, J. A., Miller, N. F., and Weber, J. A. 200.0 Excavation and Survey in the Jabbul Plain, Western Syria: The Umm el-Marra Project 1996–1997. AJA 104: 419–62.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. M., and Nichols, J. J., eds. 2006 After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Seidlmayer, S. J., ed. 2000. The First Intermediate Period (c.2160–2055 BC). Pp. 108–36 in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, ed. I. Shaw, 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Seidlmayer, S. J., 2001. Execration Texts. Pp. 487–89 in OEAE 1, ed. Redford, D. B.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Selz, G. J. 2007. Power, Economy and Social Organisation in Babylonia. Pp. 276–87 in The Babylonian World, ed. Leick, G.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Seri, A. 2006. Local Power in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia. Studies in Egyptology and the Ancient Near East. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Seri, A. 2013. The House of Prisoners: Slavery and State in Uruk during the Revolt Against Samsu-Iluna. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records 2. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sertok, K., Kulakoğlu, F., and Squadrone, F. 2007. Living Along and Together with the Euphrates: The Effects of the Euphrates on a Long-Life Seettlement as Şaraga Höyük. Pp. 341–53 in Kuzucuoǧlu, and Marro, 2007.Google Scholar
Sethe, K. 1926. Die Ächtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefässcherben des Mittleren Reiches. Abhandlungen der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Phil.-Hist. Klasse 5. Berlin.Google Scholar
Shehan, S., ed. 1989. Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Silver, M. L. 2014. The Earliest State Formation of the Amorites: Archaeological Perspectives from Jebel Bishri. ARAM 26: 243–67.Google Scholar
Singer, I. 1991. The “Land of Amurru” and the “Lands of Amurru” in the Šaušgamuwa Treaty. Iraq 53: 6974.Google Scholar
Singer, I. 1999. A Political History of Ugarit. Pp. 603733 in Handbook of Ugaritic Studies, ed. Watson, W. G. E., and Wyatt, N. Handbuch der Orientalistik 39. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Smith, P. 2004. Middle Bronze Age II Burials at Sasa, Upper Galilee (Tomb 1 and Graves 37, 39). ‘Atiqot 46: 35*–43*.Google Scholar
Smith, P. 2014 Appendix IA: Human Skeletal Remains from Jebel Qa‘aqir. Pp. 237–42 in Dever, 2014.Google Scholar
Smith, S., and Wiseman, D. J. 1921–1927, 1956. Cuneiform Texts from Cappadocian Tablets in the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum.Google Scholar
Stager, L. E. 1992. The Periodization of Palestine from Neolithic through Early Bronze Times. Pp. I:22–41, plates: II:46–60 in Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, ed. Ehrich, R. W.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stager, L. E. 2001. Port Power in the Early and Middle Bronze Age: The Organization of Maritime Trade and Hinterland Production. Pp. 625–38 in Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands in Memory of Douglas L. Esse, ed. Wolff, S. R.. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 59. ASOR Books 5. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Stager, L. E. 2002. The MB IIA Ceramic Sequence at Tel Ashkelon and Its Implications for the “Port Power” Model of Trade. Pp. 353–62 in Bietak, 2002.Google Scholar
Stager, L. E. 2006. The House of the Silver Calf of Ashkelon. Pp. 403–10 in Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak 2, ed. Czerny, E., Hein, I., Hunger, H., Melman, D., and Schwab, A. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 149. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Stager, L. E. 2008. Tel Ashkelon. Pp. 1578–86 in NEAEHL 5, ed. Stern, E.. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Stager, L. E. 2018. Introduction: Ashkelon in the Middle Bronze Age. Pp. 3–23 in Stager, , et al. 2018.Google Scholar
Stager, L. E., and Schloen, J. D. 2008. Introduction: Ashkelon and Its Inhabitants. Pp. 3–15 in Stager, , et al. 2008.Google Scholar
Stager, L. E., Schloen, J. D., and Master, D. M., eds. 2008. Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview (1985–2006). Final Reports of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Stager, L. E., Schloen, J. D., and Voss, R. J., eds. 2018. Ashkelon 6: The Middle Bronze Age Ramparts and Gates of the North Slope and Later Fortifications. Final Reports of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon. University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Stager, L. E., and Voss, R. J. 2018. Stratigraphic Synchronisms between Ashkelon and Tell el-Dabʿa. Pp. 103–13 in Stager, , et al. 2018.Google Scholar
Steadman, S. R., and Ross, J. C., eds. 2010. Agency and Identity in the Ancient Near East: New Paths Forward. Approaches to Anthropological Archaeology. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Stein, D. L. 1997. Alalakh. Pp. 5559 in OEANE 1, ed. Meyers, E. M.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stein, G. J. 2004. Structural Parameters and Socio-Cultural Factors in the Economic Organization of North Mesopotamian Urbanism in the Third Millennium BC. Pp. 6178 in Archaeological Perspectives on Political Economies, ed. Feinman, G. M., and Nicholas, L. M. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Stein, G. J. 2008. A Theoretical Model for Political Economy and Social Identity in the Old Assyrian Colonies of Anatolia. Tubaar Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 11: 2540.Google Scholar
Steinkeller, P. 1998. The Historical Backgrounds of Urkesh and the Hurrian Beginnings in Northern Mesopotamia. Pp. 7598 in Urkesh and the Hurrians: Studies in Honor of Lloyd Cotsen. Urkesh/Mozan Studies 3, ed. Buccellati, G., and Kelly-Buccellati, M. BM 26. Malibu, CA: Undena.Google Scholar
Steinkeller, P. 2003. An Ur III Manuscript of the Sumerian King List. Pp. 267–92 in Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien: Festschrift für Claus Wilcke, ed. Sallaberger, W., Volk, K., and Zgoll, A. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Steinkeller, P. 2004. A History of Mashkan-shapir and Its Role in the Kingdom of Larsa. Pp. 2642 in The Anatomy of a Mesopotamian City: Survey and Soundings at Mashkan-Shapir, ed. Stone, E. C., and Zimansky, P. E. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Steinkeller, P. 2013. Corvée Labor in Ur III Times. Pp. 347–424 in Garfinkle, and Molina, 2013.Google Scholar
Steinkeller, P. 2015a. The Employment of Labor on National Building Projects in the Ur III Period. Pp. 137236 in Labor in the Ancient World, ed. Steinkeller, P., and Hudson, M. Dresden: ISLET.Google Scholar
Steinkeller, P. 2015b. The Gutian Period in Chronological Perspective. Pp. 281–88 in Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and Eastern Mediterranean 3: History & Philology, ed. Sallaberger, W., and Schrakamp, I. Turnholt: Brepols.Google Scholar
Steinkeller, P. 2017. An Estimate of the Population of the City of Umma in Ur III Times. Pp. 535–66 in At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J.N. Postgate, ed. Heffron, Y., Stone, A., and Worthington, M. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Stol, M. 1976. Studies in Old Babylonian History. Publications de l’Institut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 40. Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul.Google Scholar
Stol, M. 1979. On Trees, Mountains, and Millstones in the Ancient Near East. Mededelingen en verhandelingen van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap “Ex Oriente Lux” 21. Leiden: Ex Oriente Lux.Google Scholar
Stol, M. 2004. Wirtschaft unde Gesellschaft in Altbabylonischer Zeit. Pp. 641–975 in Charpin, , et al. 2004.Google Scholar
Stratford, E. 2017. A Year of Vengeance: Time, Narrative, and the Old Assyrian Trade. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records 17. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Streck, M. P. 2000. Das amurritische Onomastikon der altbabylonischen Zeit 1: Die Amurriter, die onomastische Forschung, Orthographie und Phonologie, Nominalmorphologie. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 271/1. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Streck, M. P. 2011a. Amorite. Pp. 452–59 in Weninger, 2011.Google Scholar
Streck, M. P. 2011b. Babylonian and Assyrian. Pp. 359–96 in Weninger, 2011.Google Scholar
Streck, M. P. 2013. Remarks on Two Recent Studies on Amorite. UF 44: 309–27.Google Scholar
Strommenger, E., Schneiders, E., Rittig, D., Kara, H.-C., and Domröse, C. 1986. Ausgrabungen in Tall Bi‘a 1984. MDOG 118: 744.Google Scholar
Sturm, T. 1995. kaspum ammurrum — ein in Begriff der Silbermetallurgie in den Kültepe-Texten. UF 27: 487503.Google Scholar
Suter, C. E. 2010. Ur III Kings in Images: A Reappraisal. Your Praise Is Sweet: A Memorial Volume for Jeremy Black from Students, Colleagues and Friends. London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq.Google Scholar
Szuchman, J., ed. 2009. Nomads, Tribes, and the State in the Ancient Near East: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives. Oriental Institute Seminars 5. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Taraqji, A. 1999. Nouvelles decouvertes sur les relations avec l’Egypte a Tell Sakka et a Keswe dans la region de Damas. Bulletin de la societe franqaise d’egyptologie 144: 2743.Google Scholar
Teissier, B. 1996. Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age. Orbis biblicus et orientalis, series archaeologica 11. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Thalmann, J.-P. 2007. Settlement Patterns and Agriculture in the Akkar Plain during the Late Early and Early Middle Bronze Ages. Pp. 219–32 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2007b.Google Scholar
Thompson, T. L. 1974. The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham. Beiheft zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 133. New York: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Thureau-Dangin, F., and Dunand, M. 1936. Til-Barsib. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 23. Paris: Paul Geuthner.Google Scholar
Tigay, J. 1977. Was There an Integrated Gilgamesh Epic in the Old Babylonian Period? Pp. 215–18 in Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein, ed. Maria de Jong Ellis. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Memoir 19. Hamden, CT: Archon Books.Google Scholar
Tigay, J. H. 1982. The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Tonietti, M. V. 2010. The Expedition of Ebla against Ašdar(um) and the Queen of Ḫarran. ZA 100: 5685.Google Scholar
Trigger, B. G. 2006. A History of Archaeological Thought. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tubb, J. N. 1990. Excavations at the Early Bronze Age Cemetery of Tiwal esh-Sharqi. London: British Museum.Google Scholar
Tubb, J. N. 2009. Aliens in the Levant. Pp. 111–17 in Parr, 2009.Google Scholar
Twiss, K. C., ed. 2007. The Archaeology of Food and Identity. Occasional paper Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Center for Archaeological Investigations 34. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Carbondale.Google Scholar
Ur, J. A. 2010. Tell Hamoukar: The Tell Hamourak Survey, 1999–2001, Volume 1. Oriental Institute Publications 137. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Ur, J. A. 2015. Urban Adaptations to Climate Change in Northern Mesopotamia. Pp. 6995 in Climate and Ancient Societies, ed. Kerner, S., Dann, R., and Bangsgaard Jensen, P. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.Google Scholar
Valbelle, D. 1994. La (les) route(s)-d’Horus. Pp. 379–86 in Hommages à Jean Leclant, ed. Berger, C., Clerc, G., and Grimal, N. Bibliothèque d’Étude 106:4. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.Google Scholar
Valentini, S. 2004. Burial Customs and Funerary Ideology in Tell Barri/Kahat during the Middle Bronze Age related to Upper Mesopotamia in Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Paris 15-20, April 2002, ed. Miroschedji, P. D.. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Valentini, S. 2011. Burials and Funerary Practices. Pp. 267–86 in Lebeau, 2011a.Google Scholar
Valsecchi, V. 2007. Vegetation and Environmental Changes during the Middle-Late Holocene at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna: Climate Versus Land-Use. Pp. 105–14 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2007b.Google Scholar
Van de Mieroop, M. 2003. Gutians. Pp. 408–10 in Encylopedia Iranaica XI:4. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
van Ess, M., Bertsch, J., and Verhey, J. 2018. Preliminary Report on the Middle Bronze Age Wall Paintings. Pp. 381411 in Tell el-Burak 1: The Middle Bronze Age with Chapters Related to the Site and to the Mamluk-Ottoman Periods, ed. Kamlah, J., and Sader, H. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 45/1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Van Koppen, F. 2006. Old Babylonian Period Inscriptions. Pp. 88106 in The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation, ed. Chavalas, M. W., 1st ed. Historical Sources in Translation. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Van Koppen, F. 2007. Aspects of Society and Economy in the Later Old Babylonian Period. Pp. 210–23 in The Babylonian World, ed. Leick, G.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
van Lerberghe, K., and Schoors, A., eds. 1995 Immigration and Emigration within the Ancient Near East. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 65. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oriëntalistiek.Google Scholar
Van Soldt, W. H., ed. 2005. Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia: Papers Read at the 48th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Leiden, 1–4 July 2002. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten te Leiden 102. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor Het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Veenhof, K. R. 2008. The Old Assyrian Period. Pp. 13264 in Mesopotamia: The Old Assyrian Period, ed. Veenhof, K. R., and Eidem, J. M. Wäfler, ed. Freiburg: Academic.Google Scholar
Veldhuis, N. 1997. Elementary Education at Nippur: The Lists of Trees and Wooden Objects. PhD diss., University of Groningen.Google Scholar
Veldhuis, N. 2004. Religion, Literature, and Scholarship the Sumerian Composition Nanse and the Birds, with a Catalogue of Sumerian Bird Names. Cuneiform Monographs 22. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Veldhuis, N. 2016. Old Babylonian School Curricula. Pp. 112 in Cultures and Societies in the Middle Euphrates and Habur Areas in the Second Millennium BC I, edYamada, . S., and Shibata, D. Studia Chaburensia 5. H. Kühne, ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Vercoutter, J. 1963. Textes exécratoires de Mirgissa. CRAIBL 107: 97102.Google Scholar
Vidal, J. 2011. Prestige Weapons in an Amorite Context. JNES 70: 247–52.Google Scholar
Villard, P. 1986. Un roi de Mari à Ugarit. UF 18: 387412.Google Scholar
Villard, P. 1995. Shamshi-Adad and His Sons: The Rise and Fall of an Upper Mesopotamian Empire. Pp. 873–83 in CANE 2, ed. Sasson, J. M.. London: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Von Koppen, F., and Lehmann, M. 2012–2013. A Cuneiform Sealing from Tell el-Dabʿa and its Historical Context. ÄuL 22–23: 9194.Google Scholar
von Rüden, C. 2011. Die Wandmalereien aus Tall Mišrife/Qaṭna im Kontext überregionaler Kommunikation. Qaṭna Studien 2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
von Rüden, C. 2017. Producing Aegeanness – An Innovation and Its Impact in Middle and Late Bronze Age Syria/Northern Levant. Pp. 225–49 in The Interplay of People and Technologies. Archaeological Case Studies on Innovation, ed. Burmeister, S., and Bernbeck, R. Berlin: Edition Topoi.Google Scholar
Voss, R. J. 2002. A Sequence of Four Middle Bronze Age Gates in Ashkelon. Pp. 379–84 in Bietak, 2002.Google Scholar
Voss, R. J., and Stager, L. E. 2018. The North Tell of Ashkelon in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Pp. 25–101 in Stager, , et al. 2018.Google Scholar
Voth, S. M. 198.1 Analysis of Military Titles and Functions in Published Texts of the Old Babylonian Period. PhD diss., Hebrew Union College.Google Scholar
Walker, M. J. C., Berkelhammer, M., Björck, S., Cwynar, L. C., Fisher, D. A., Long, A. J., Lowe, J. J., Newnham, R. M., Rasmussen, S. O., and Weiss, H. 2012. Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy). Journal of Quaternary Science 27: 649–59.Google Scholar
Wapnish, P. 1997. Middle Bronze Equid Burials at Tell Jemmeh and a Reexamination of a Purportedly “Hyksos” Practice. Pp. 335–67 in Oren, 1997a.Google Scholar
Ward, W. A. 1971. Egypt and the East Mediterranean World, 2200–1900 B.C.: Studies in Egyptian Foreign Relations during the First Intermediate Period. Beirut: American University of Beirut.Google Scholar
Watanabe, C. E. 2000. The Lion Metaphor in the Mesopotamian Royal Context. Topoi Supplement 2: 399409.Google Scholar
Way, K. C. 2010. Assessing Sacred Asses: Bronze Age Donkey Burials in the Near East. Levant 42: 210–25.Google Scholar
Weber, J. A. 2006. Economic Developments of Urban Proportions: Evolving Systems of Animal Product Consumption in the Early and Middle Bronze Ages in Syro-Mesopotamia. PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Weber, J. A. 2008. Elite Equids: Redefining Equid Burials of the mid- to late 3rd Millennium BC from Umm el-Marra, Syria. Archaeozoology of the Near East 8: 499519.Google Scholar
Weber, J. A. 2012. Restoring Order: Death, Display, and Authority. Pp. 159–90 in Sacred Killing: The Archaeology of Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, ed. Porter, A., and Schwartz, G. M. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Weeks, N. 1985 Old Babylonian Amorites: Nomads or Mercenaries? Orientalia lovaniensia periodica 16: 4957.Google Scholar
Weinstein, J. M. 1975 Egyptian Relations with Palestine in the Middle Kingdom. BASOR 217: 116.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. 2000 Beyond the Younger Dryas: Collapse as Adaptation to Abrupt Climate Change in Ancient West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean. Pp. 7598 in Environmental Disaster and the Archaeology of Human Response, ed. Bawden, G., and Reycraft, R. M. Anthropological Papers 7. Albuquerque, NM: Maxwell Museum of Anthropology.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. 2012. Seven Generations since the Fall of Akkad. Studia Chaburensia 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. 2014. The Northern Levant during the Intermediate Bronze Age: Altered Trajectories. Pp. 367–87 in OHAL, ed. Steiner, M. L., and Killebrew, A. E. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. 2015. Megadrought, Collapse, and Resilience in Late 3rd Millennium BC Mesopotamia. Pp. 35–52 in Meller, , et al. 2015.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. 2017a. 4.2 ka BP Megadrought and the Akkadian Collapse. Pp. 93–159 in Weiss, 2017b.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. 2017b. Megadrought and Collapse: From Early Agriculture to Angkor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weiss, H., Akkermans, P. M. M. G., Stein, G. J., Parayre, D., and Whiting, R. M. 1990. 1985 Excavations at Tell Leilan, Syria. AJA 94: 529–81.Google Scholar
Weiss, H., and Courty, M.-A. 1993. The Genesis and Collapse of the Akkadian Empire: The Accidental Refraction of Historical Law. Pp. 131–55 in Akkad: The First World Empire, Structure Ideology Traditions, ed. Liverani, M.. History of the Ancient Near East/Studies 5. Padova: Sargon.Google Scholar
Weiss, H., Manning, S. W., Ristvet, L., Mori, L., Besonen, M., McCarthy, A., Quenet, P., Smith, A., and Bahrani, Z. 2012. Tell Leilan Akkadian Imperialization, Collapse and Short-Lived Reoccupation Defined by High-Resolution Radiocarbon Dating. Pp. 163–92 in Weis, 2012.Google Scholar
Wells, B., and Magdalene, R., eds. 2009. Law from the Tigris to the Tiber: The Writings of Raymond Westbrook. 2 vols. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Wenger, E. 1998. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Werner, E. K. 2001. Montuhotep I, Nebhepetre. Pp. 436–38 in OEAE 2, ed. Redford, D. B.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Werner, P. 2009. Der Sîn-Šamaš-Tempel in Assur. Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft in Assur A: Baudenkmäler aus Assyrischer Zeit 12. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 122. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Westbrook, R. 1985. Biblical and Cuneiform Law Codes. RB 92: 247–64.Google Scholar
Westenholz, A. 1999. The Old Akkadian Period: History and Culture. Pp. 17117 in Mesopotamien: Akkade-Zeit und Ur III Zeit, ed. Attinger, P., and Wäfler, M. Orbis biblicus et orientalis 160:3. Freiburg: Academic.Google Scholar
Westenholz, J. G. 1997. Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts. Mesopotamian Civilizations 7. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Westenholz, J. G. 2009. Historical Events and the Process of Their Transformation in Akkadian Heroic Traditions. Pp. 2650 in Epic and History, ed. Konstan, D., and Raaflaub, K. A. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
White, R. 1991. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge Studies in North American Indian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Whiting, R. M. 1987. Old Babylonian Letters from Tell Asmar. Assyriological Studies 22. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Whiting, R. M. 1995. Amorite Tribes and Nations of Second-Millennium Asia. Pp. 1231–42 in CANE 2, ed. Sasson, J. M..Google Scholar
Wiener, M. H. 2014. The Interaction of Climate Change and Agency in the Collapse of Civilizations ca. 2300–2000 BC. Radiocarbon 56: S1S16.Google Scholar
Wilcke, C. 1969. Zur Geschichte der Amurriter in der Ur-III Zeit. Die Welt des Orients 5: 131.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J. 2000. Settlement and Land Use in the Zone of Uncertainty in Upper Mesopotamia. Pp. 335 in Rainfall and Agriculture in Northern Mesopotamia: Proceedings of the Third MOS Symposium, Leiden 1999 88, ed. Jas, R. M.. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J. 2003. Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. Tucson: University of Arizona.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J., Philip, G., Bradbury, J. N., Dunford, R., Donoghue, D., Galiatsatos, N., Lawrence, D., Ricci, A., and Smith, S. L. 2014. Contextualizing Early Urbanization: Settlement Cores, Early States and Agro-Pastoral Strategies in the Fertile Crescent during the Fourth and Third Millennia BC. Journal of World Prehistory 27: 43109.Google Scholar
Winkler, E.-M., and Wilfing, H. 1991. Tell el-Dabʿa VI: Anthropologische Untersuchungen an den Skelettresten der Kampagnen 1966–69, 1975–80, 1985. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 10. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 9. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Winter, I. J. 2000. Thera Paintings and the Ancient Near East: The Private and Public Domains of Wall Decoration. Pp. 745–62 in The Wall Paintings of Thera 2, ed. Sherratt, S.. Athens: Thera Foundation.Google Scholar
Wiseman, D. J. 1953. The Alalakh Tablets. Occasional Papers of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. London.Google Scholar
Wissing, A. 2012. Ritual Aspects of Middle Bronze Age Burial Practices in the Hurrian City of Urkesh. Pp. 111–21 in Pfälzner, 2012b.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1955. Alalakh: An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937–1949. Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 18. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1974. Ur Excavations VI: The Buildings of the Third Dynasty. London: British Museum.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L., and Mallowan, M. E. L. 1976. Ur Excavations VII: The Old Babylonian Period. London: British Museum.Google Scholar
Wossink, A. 2011. Tribal Identities in Mesopotamia between 2500 and 1500 BC in Correlates of Complexity: Essays in Archaeology and Assyriology Dedicated to Diederik J. W. Meijer in Honour of His 65th Birthday, ed. Düring, B. S., Wossink, A., and Akkermans, P. M. M. G. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten te Leiden 116. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Wright, D. P. 2009. Inventing God’s Law: How the Covenant Code of the Bible Used and Revised the Laws of Hammurabi. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, G. R. H. 1985. Ancient Building in South Syria and Palestine. Handbuch der Orientalistik, 7:2, b. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Wright, G. R. H. 2002. Shechem III, The Stratigraphy and Architecture of Shechem/Tell Balatah, Volume 2: The Illustrations. American Schools of Oriental Research Archaeological Reports. Atlanta: Scholars.Google Scholar
Wyatt, N. 1999. Asherah. Pp. 99–105 in DDD.Google Scholar
Yadin, Y., Aharoni, Y., Amiran, R., Dothan, T., Dunayevsky, I., and Perrot, J. 1989 .Hazor III–IV: An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons of Excavations, 1957–1958, Text. Jerusalem: Magnes.Google Scholar
Yamada, S. 1994. The Editorial History of the Assyrian King List. ZA 84: 1137.Google Scholar
Yasur-Landau, A. 2019. The Middle Bronze Age Canaanite City as a Domesticating Apparatus. Pp. 224–44 in The Social Archaeology of the Levant: From Prehistory to the Present, ed. Yasur-Landau, A., Cline, E. H., and Rowan, Y. M. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yasur-Landau, A., Cline, E. H., Koh, A. J., Ben-Shlomo, D., Marom, N., Ratzlaff, A., and Samet, I. 2015. Rethinking Canaanite Palaces? The Palatial Economy of Tel Kabri during the Middle Bronze Age. Journal of Field Archaeology 40: 607–25.Google Scholar
Yoffee, N. 2000. Law Courts and the Mediation of Social Conflict in Ancient Mesopotamia. Pp. 4663 in Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth in Ancient States, ed. Richards, J. E., and Van Buren, M. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yoffee, N. 2007. Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and Landscape in Archaeological Research. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Yoffee, N., and Cowgill, G. L., eds. 1988. The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Yogev, O. 1993. Nahariya (Excavations on the Mound). Pp. 1088–90 in NEAEHL 3, ed. Stern, E., 2nd English ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Yon, M. 2006. The City of Ugarit. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Younger, K. L. 2007. The Late Bronze Age/Iron Age Transition and the Origins of the Arameans. Pp. 131–78 in Ugarit at Seventy-Five, ed. Younger, K. L.. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Yukich, S. T. K. 2013. Spatial Dimensions of Social Complexity: Environment, Economy, and Settlement in the Jabbul Plain, 3000–550 BC. PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University.Google Scholar
Zadok, R. 1993. On the Amorite Material from Mesopotamia. Pp. 315–33 in The Tablet and the Scroll: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo, ed. Cohen, M. E., Snell, D. C., and Weisberg, D. B. Bethesda, MD: CDL.Google Scholar
Zarins, J. 1986. MAR-TU and the Land of Dilmun. Pp. 233–50 in Bahrain through the Ages: The Archaeology, ed. Al Khalifa, S. H. A.. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ziegler, N., and Charpin, D. 2007. Amurritisch Lernen. Pp. 5577 in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 97, ed. Köhbach, M., Procházka, S., Selz, G., and Lohlker, R. Vienna: Selbstverlag des Instituts für Orientalisk.Google Scholar
Ziegler, N., and Reculeau, H. 2014. The Sutean Nomads in the Mari Period. Pp. 209–25 in Bonacossi, Morandi 2014b.Google Scholar
Zöldföldi, J. 2011. Gemstones at Qaṭna Royal Tomb: Preliminary Report. Pp. 235–48 in Pfälzner, 2011d.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Aaron A. Burke, University of California, Los Angeles
  • Book: The Amorites and the Bronze Age Near East
  • Online publication: 23 January 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108856461.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Aaron A. Burke, University of California, Los Angeles
  • Book: The Amorites and the Bronze Age Near East
  • Online publication: 23 January 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108856461.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Aaron A. Burke, University of California, Los Angeles
  • Book: The Amorites and the Bronze Age Near East
  • Online publication: 23 January 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108856461.009
Available formats
×